Research Methodology For Business

St. Joseph’s College of Commerce M.Com. 2013 III Sem Research Methodology For Business Question Paper PDF Download

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  1. JOSEPH’S COLLEGE OF COMMERCE (AUTONOMOUS0

END SEMESTER EXAMINATION -APRIL 2013

M.Com. – II Semester

Research Methodology FOR Business

Duration: 3 Hrs                                                                                                          Max. Marks: 100 

Section – A

  1. Answer Any Seven questions out of ten. (5 x 7 = 35)

 

  1. How would you define “Business Research”? Enunciate the significance of conducting research.
  2. What is the purpose of literature survey?
  3. State the characteristics of a good Research Problem?
  4. Discuss briefly on the different types of Research Design.
  5. Suppose, you plan to export semi-precious stones from Jaipur to countries like USA, Canada, and European Union ,what would be the nature of information required by you? How would secondary data sources help you here?
  6. Indicate the type of scale (nominal, ordinal, interval or ratio) that is being used in each of the following questions:
  7. How large is the market size of shampoos?
  8. In which of the following functional areas of management do you wish to specialize in the second year?
  9. Marketing, ii. Finance, iii. HR,      iv. Operations.
  10. State the order of your preference for the following colours.
  11. Grey, ii. White,             iii. Blue,             iv. Green,            v. Black.
  12. Was the Research Methodology course difficult to understand? i. Yes———, ii No———-
  13. In which month were you born?
  14. How would you rate the quality of food at the Golden Dragon Restaurant?

1= Very Poor, 2= Poor, 3= Moderate, 4= Good, 5= Very Good.

 

  1. Differentiate between questionnaire and schedule.
  2. What are the qualities of a good Research Report?
  3. You are working as a Purchase Manager for a company. The following information is supplied to you by two manufacturers of electric bulbs:
  Company A Company B
Mean Life (in hours) 1300 1248
Standard deviations (in hours) 82 93
Sample Size 100 100

Which brand of bulbs are you going to purchase if you desire to take a risk of 5%?

  1. A group of seven week old chickens reared on a high protein diet weigh 12, 15, 11, 16, 14, 14, 16 ounces, a second group of five chickens were similarly treated except that they receive a low protein diet weighted 8,10, 14, 10 and 13 ounces. Test whether there is sufficient evidence that additional protein has increased the weight of the chickens.
Degrees of freedom: 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
Value of t @ 5% level: 2.78 2.57 2.45 2.37 2.31 2.62 2.23 2.20

 

Section – B

  1. II) Answer Three questions out of Five                            (3 x 15 = 45)

 

  1. Discuss the different steps involved in research process?

 

  1. What is sample design? Discuss different sampling methods.
  2. Elaborate upon the structure of a report and its main constituents.

 

  1. An automobile company gives the following information about age groups and liking for particular model of car which it plans to introduce.
Persons who Age Groups Total
Below 20 20-39 40-59 60 & Above
Liked the car 140  80 40  20 280
Disliked the car  60  50 30  80 220
Total 200 130 70 100 500

On the basis of this data can it be concluded that the model appeal is independent of the age group (given for v = 3, X20.05 = 7.815.)

 

  1. The following table gives the number of refrigerators sold by 4 salesmen in three months May, June and July:
Month Salesmen
A B C D
May 50 40 48 39
June 46 48 50 45
July 39 44 40 39

P.T.O……..

Is there a significant difference in the sales made by the four salesman?

 

Is there a significant difference in the sales made during the three months?

 

Section – C

III) Compulsory Case study                                                                                 (1 x 20 = 20)

 

Shameem had been with the organization for a fortnight now and was due to meet  Reghu. He opened the door and walked in.

Raghu asked him to be seated and said, “So doctor, what is the diagnosis?”

Shameem Naquib had been recently hired as the company counselor at Danish International, as Reghu Narang, the CEO, felt that he was fed up with his team of non performers. He had hand picked the Band II decision makers from the most prestigious and growing enterprises. Each one came with a proven track record of strategic turnarounds they had managed in their respective roles. So why this inertia at DI? The salaries and perks were competitive, reasonable autonomy was permitted in decision making and yet nothing was moving.

There had been two major mergers and the responsibilities had increased somewhat.

When Shameem went to meet Sid Malhotra, the bright star who had joined six months back, he was reported absent and seemed to be suffering from hypertension and angina pain. His colleague in the next cabin was not aware that Sid had not come for the past four days. As he was talking to Reghu’s secretary, he could hear Kamini Bansal, the HR head yelling at the top her voice at a new recruit, who after six weeks of joining had come to ask her about her job role.

The Band III executives had been with the company for a tenure of 5-15 years and yet had not been able to make it to the Band II position ( Except two lady employees). They were laid back, extremely critical and yet surprisingly were not moving.

Reghu also seemed a peculiar guy, he had hired  him as the counselor and was also making some structural changes as suggested by a vastu expert, to nullify the effect of “evil spirits”.  He had a history of hiring best brains, and trying to fit them into some role in the organization.  And incase someone did not fit in, firing him without any remorse. He had changed his nature of business thrice and on the personal front, he was on the verge of his second divorce.

The company had a great infrastructure, attractive compensation packages and yet the place reeked of apathy. It was like a stagnant pool of the best talent. Was it possible to undertake –operation clean up?

  1. What is the management decision problem that Shameem is likely to narrate to Reghu Narang?
  2. Convert and formulate it into a research problem and the state the objectives of your study. Can you suggest a theoretical frame work about what you propose to study?
  3. Develop the working hypothesis for your study?

 

St. Joseph’s College of Commerce M.Com. 2014 II Sem Research Methodology For Business Question Paper PDF Download

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  1. JOSEPH’S COLLEGE OF COMMERCE (AUTONOMOUS)

END SEMESTER EXAMINATION – APRIL 2014

M.COM – II SEMESTER

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY FOR BUSINESS

Duration: 3 Hrs                                                                                                  Max. Marks: 100 

Section – A

  1. Answer any SEVEN questions. Each question carries 5 marks.              (7×5=35)
  2. What are the major categorizations of basic and applied research? What is of more value to the corporate world- Basic or applied? Justify your reasoning.
  3. Due to what reason is it considered mandatory for researchers to write a literature review? What makes a good literature review Explain?
  4. Explain what a research problem is. Describe the nature of problem identification process?
  5. Discuss briefly on the various non-probability sampling techniques.
  6. You have been approached by Mr Ashish, who wants to start an economy line and would like to know:
  7. How is fashion market composed?
  8. What is the profile of avid fashion followers?

iii. What are the potential segments you can convert into fashion followers?

  1. What is their buying behavior like?
  2. How can you approach and market to this segment?
  3. Would it be lucrative to move there?

What would be the nature of information required by you? Can you identify the source where data will be available?

  1. Explain the concept of pilot testing the questionnaire. What are the important aspects to be remembered before conducting pilot testing?
  2. Compare census survey and sample survey. Under what conditions is a sample preferred to a census?
  3. What is a bibliography? How will you write the bibliography in the following contexts?
  4. Books,              ii.  Chapter in an edited book      iii.  Periodicals in journal,
  5. News paper     v. Web site.

 

  1. The following data are collected from two cities as regards the starting stipend paid to new management trainees. Does the data give evidence that the stipend paid in city B is significantly more than that in city A? (Test at a significance of level of 1%).
City Monthly Stipend (Mean)  Sample Standard Deviation Sample
A Rs  1400 Rs    80 200
B Rs  1600 Rs  120 175

 

  1. The sales data of an item in six shops before and after a special promotional campaign are as under:
SHOPS A B C D E F
BEFORE CAMPAIGN 53 28 31 48 50 42
AFTER CAMPAIGN 58 29 30 55 56 45

Can the campaign be judged to be a success? Test at 5% level of significance.

 

Section – B

 

  1. Answer any three Each carries 15 marks.       (3×15=45)

 

  1. Elucidate on the different types of Business research.
  2. To examine the effectiveness of a food supplements on weight reduction, a sample of respondents is selected at random. These respondents are divided randomly into two groups, each having the same numbers. Members of the group are weighed weekly for a period of three months. For the next two months, members of one group are given the diet drink. The weights of members of both the groups are taken weekly for the next one month.
  3. Discuss the purpose of this experiment.
  4. Diagram the experiment.

iii. Identify test units, dependent variable, independent variable and extraneous variables

  1. What purpose does each group serve?
  2. Comment on the internal and external validity of the experiment.

 

  1. Discuss how the interview method with observation method is used as a tool for primary data collection.
  2. The contingency table below summarizes the results obtained in a study conducted by a research organization, with respect to the performance of four competing brands of tooth paste among users:
  Brand A Brand B Brand C Brand D Total
No Cavities 9 13 17 11 50
One to five Cavities 63 70 85 82 300
More than five cavities 28 37 48 37 150
Total 100 120 150 130 500

Does the data reveal an association between cavities and the brand of tooth paste used?

 

  1. To study the performance of three detergents and three different water temperatures, the following “whiteness” readings were obtained with specially designed equipment:
Water Temperature Detergent   A Detergent   B

 

 Detergent  C
May 57 55 67
June 49 52 68
July 54 46 58

 

Perform a two way analysis of variance, using 5% level of significance

(Given F  5%  =  6.94)

Section – C

  • Compulsory Case study                                                                  (1 x 20 = 20)

 

Sham  joined Danish international as Vice President for a fortnight and  observed that the team in Danish international was apathetic and there could be multiple reasons for this apathy. Thus it was essential to study the group reaction to the working conditions  at Danish International. It is also important to identify what was perceived as the major problem area.  Sham was of the opinion that there might be difference between old and new employees. This view point was also given due recognition while conducting a survey.  Reghu, a Senior Consultant in Danish International said, “ this seems to be a logical approach to the problem, but don’t you think that before you go to the team members you must at least identify what could be the reasons  for the lackluster performance at Danish by looking at other organizations or by talking to the human resource consultants who have some experience of the same”.

Questions:

  1. What is the research design Sham is likely to recommend? Why?
  2. Identify the variables, hypothesis and the units under study.
  3. How could you improve the accuracy of the results obtained?

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

ESE – M.Com. 11 Semester– Business Research Methodology -APRIL 2014

 Scheme of Valuation:

Section – A

  1. Answer Any Seven questions out of Ten 5 x 7 = 35 Marks
  2. Business Research: A. Basic Research: Exploratory-conclusive- descriptive- causal. B. Applied Research: Exploratory-conclusive- descriptive- causal. Research is a quintessential tool, no matter what the field of learning is. It has special significance in areas of management by aiding more informed decision making. Basic research adds to management science and applied research is problem centric.
  3. To identify: what has already been written on a topic, ii. previous approaches to the topic, iii. central issues in the field, iv. integrate previous knowledge, v. important issues still unresolved. A good literature review: i. delimits the subject matter to be reviewed, ii. up-to-date  literature, iii. Provides an insight, iv. Points out similarities and differences, strengths and weaknesses in the literature, v. Identifies gaps in the literature for future research, vi. Identifies the context for which the literature is important.
  4. Research Problem is a gap or uncertainty which hampers the process of efficient decision making in a given body of knowledge. Problem identification process: management decision problem- discussion with subject experts-Review of literature- organizational analysis- qualitative survey- identifying variables
  5. Convenience sampling- Quota sampling- judgment sampling- snowball sampling.
  6. You have been approached by Mr Ashish, who wants to start an economy line and would like to know:
  7. How is fashion market composed? Secondary – government publications—socio-demographic profiles
  8. What is the profile of avid fashion followers: Secondary -government publications—socio-demographic profiles, trade magazines, focus group discussions

iii. What are the potential segments you can convert into fashion followers? Secondary -government publications—socio-demographic profiles, trade magazines, no. of young  people who may buy in future, floating public, focus group discussions…

  1. What is their buying behavior like? Primary & secondary analysis –test marketing. FGD
  2. How can you approach and market to this segment?: discussion with experts
  3. Would it be lucrative to move there?: conduct primary research studies

What would be nature of information required by you. Can you identify the source where data will be available?

  1. Pilot testing involves the testing and administration of the designed instrument on a small group of people from the population under study. Purpose: to cover any error- Avoid ambiguity- Important aspects: Always to be conducted on a face to face interaction – get inputs of academic or industry experts Every aspect of questionnaire has to be tested.- record al experience of conduction- including time taken to administer it.-advisable to use multiple investigators (should include experienced and seasoned field investigators)- debriefing: where after the completion of questionnaire, the person is asked to summarize his experience, in terms problems in answering, such as confusion- fatigue
  2. Census survey: suitable when phenomenon under the study is rare. Population is very small. When it is necessary to study every aspect of the population. Sample survey:  Sample survey is preferred under the following conditions: Speed and timeliness-Economy of cost and effort –accuracy of results- feasibility.

Bibliography: last section of report. Appears after appendices. Bibliography contains the source of every reference used and any other relevant work that has been consulted. It imparts authenticity regarding source of data to the reader.

 

  1. H0: there is no significant difference in the stipend paid in the two cities “A” and “B”

S.E.= (µ 1 – µ 2) =√σ12/n1  +  √σ22/n2  =                     σ1 =80,   σ2 = 120,    n1 = 200,      n2 = 175

S.E.= (µ 1 – µ 2) =√(80)2/200  +  √(120)2/175   =  √ 32+  √82.286  =    10. 69

Calculated value of Z =  1400-1600/10.69 = 18.71    Table Value Z 0.005 @ 5% LOS is 2.58 S.E.

The Calculated value of  Z =  18.71    >  Table Value Z 0.005 @ 5% LOS is 2.58   S. E.

Hence Reject H0,.  There is significant difference  in the stipend paid in the two cities “A” and “B”

  1. H0 : the promotional campaign has not been successful.
SHOPS BEFORE CAMPAIGN AFTER CAMPAIGN                  d             ∑d2
A 53 58 +5 25
B 28 29 +1 1
C 31 30 -1 1
D 48 55 +7 49
E 50 56 +6 36
F 42 45 +3 9
              ∑d =21   ∑d2 = 121

 

t =                                                        =    =3.5

S  =                          =      3.08

v = n-1 = 6  -1 =  5,                 t =     =2.78

The Calculated value t is greater  than the Table Value. The hypothesis is rejected. Hence  the promotional campaign has been  successful.

Section – B

Answer Three questions  out of Five                                                                        3 x 15 = 45 Mks

 

  1. 1. Basic-applied – 2. Exploratory: (literature search – experience survey – focus group – analysis of selected cases)- 3.  Descriptive research: (case studies- observational  -survey research – archival research) 4. Quantitative Research: (correlational study –Ex-post facto study-longitudinal study – Survey- Meta analysis) – 5. Qualitative Research, 6. Action Research, 7. Diagnostic Research, 8. Experimental Research.
  2. i. Purpose: any logical purpose /objective constructed (3 marks)
  3. Diagram: experimentation: A. – experiment group (diet drink) – Duration of weight check  B. control group ()No diet drink) – Duration of weight check (3 marks)

iii. Identify test units : dependent variable (Weight increase), independent variable (diet drink) and extraneous variables:  no exercise, Health issues  [ Any logical variable](3 marks)

  1. Purpose each group serve: impact of diet drink on health(3 marks)
  2. Internal validity of the experiment: See that no rival hypothesis crops in to meddle with the study.

External validity of the experiment:                (3 marks)

  1. Interview method: verbal conversation between two people with objective of collecting research information. i. Personal interview, ii. telephone interview, iii. Focus Group interview, iv. Depth interview, v. Projective technique. Observation method: refers to monitoring and recording of behavioural and non-behavioural activities in a systematic manner to obtain information on phenomenon of interest.
  2. H0: Cavities are independent of the brand of tooth paste used.

Ha:  Cavities are dependent of the brand of tooth paste used.

Applying  X2 test =

 

Table of Expected Frequency

10 12 15 13 50
60 72 90 78 300
30 36 45 39 150
100 120 150 130 500

 

O O E (O-E)2
9 10 1 0.100
63 60 9 0.150
28 30 4 0.133
13 12 1 0.083
70 72 4 0.056
37 36 1 0.028
17 15 4 0.267
85 90 25 0.278
48 45 9 0.200
11 13 4 0.308
82 78 16 0.205
37 39 4 0.103
                                                                                                                     ∑[(O-E)2/E =   1.911      

 

X2 = ∑[(O-E)2/E =   1.911

v = (r-1) (c-1) =  (3-1) (4-1) = 6.   For v =3, X20.05  =12.59

the Calculate Value of X2 <  Table Value X2 0.05 @ 5% LOS. The null hypothesis is accepted. Conclusion: Cavities are independent of the brand of tooth paste used

 

  1. H0: 1. Sales made by the four salesmen do not differ significantly

H0: 2. Sales made during different months do not differ significantly

 

To facilitate easy computation deduct 50 from each given value

 

 

Water Temperature Detergent   A Detergent   B

 

 Detergent  C   Total
May +7 +5 +17 29
June -1 +2 +18 19
July +4 -4 +8 8
  10 3 43 56

 

Correction factor, i.e., CF= T2/N  = (56)2 /9 = 348.44

 

Sum of squares between Detergents  (SSC)=

(∑X1)2/N) + (∑X2)2/N) + (∑X3)2/N) –C.F.

[(10)2/3] + [(3)2/3]+ [(43)2/3] -CF  = 33.33 +3+ 616.33 –  348.44  = 304.22

Mean Sum of Squares  Between Columns (MSC)=       SSC/c-1 =     304.22/3-1 = 152.110

 

Sum of Squares BetweenWater Temperatures  (SSR)=    [(29)2/3]+ [(19)2/3]+ [(8)2/3]-348.44

= 280.33 + 120.33  + 21.33 – 348.44 = 73.55

Mean Sum of Squares between rows (MSR) = SSR/r-1 = 73.55/ 3-1 = 36.775

 

Total sum of squares (SSE) = [(7)2 +(-1)2 +(4)2 +(5)2 +(2)2 +(4)2 +(17)2 +

(18)2 +(8)2  – 348.44  = 439.56

 

Source of Variation Sum of Squares v Mean Sum of Squares F
Between Columns (Detergents) 304.22 2 152.11 152.11/15.4475=

9.85
Between Rows (Temperatures) 73.55 2 36.775 36.775/15.4475=

2.38
Residual 61.79 4 15.4475  
Total 439.56 8    

 

  1. The Table Value of F0.05 for v1 =2 and v2 =3, F0.05 = 6.94

The Calculated Value is greater than the Table Value. Reject Null Hypothesis. There is significant difference in the three varieties of detergents

  1. The Table Value of F0.05 for v1 =2 and v2 =4, F0.05 = 6.94.

The Calculated Value is less than the Table Value. Accept Null Hypothesis. Hence water temperatures do not make a significant difference.

Section – C

  1. Compulsory Case study                                                 1 x 20 = 20 Mks

Questions:

  1. What is the research design Sham is likely to recommend? Why?
    2. Identify the variables, hypothesis and the units under study

3 How could you improve the accuracy of the results obtained?

employee perception about the current organizational climate at Danish International

Variable Employee who is he employee

perception

Danish International provides adequate growth opportunities for workers (SA, A, DA)

OPEN END QUES

Organizational climate

Exploratory research design, case study method Focus group discussion

Unit of analysis – employee who works at Danish International

Hypotheses 1: there would be no significant difference between the new and old employees on the perception of the existing organizational climate at Danish International.

secondary resource analysis

expert opinion survey with human resource consultants

Descriptive design study:  Here again the students might argue for a cross-sectional design.

 

 

 

 

 

 

St. Joseph’s College of Commerce 2015 Research Methodology For Business Question Paper PDF Download

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st. joseph’S college of commerce (autonomous)

end semester examination – march/april 2015
m.com– ii semester
P114205: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY FOR BUSINESS
Duration: 3 Hours                                                                                             Max. Marks: 100
SECTION – A
I) Answer any SEVEN questions.  Each carries 5 marks.                                  (7×5=35)
  1. What is Research?  What are the characteristics of Business Research? Discuss.
  2. Explain the terms ‘deduction’ and ‘Induction’ with suitable examples.
  3. What are the areas that should be focused on  while preparing a review of literature? Discuss briefly the significance of literature review.
  4. What is a Research Problem? What are the techniques of formulating a Research Problem?
  5. Explain briefly the various types of errors that can result from a hypothesis test.
  6.  What is meant by Observation Method? What are the different methods of Observation?
  7.  Discuss different types of non-probability sampling.
  8.  What precautions are to be taken before writing research reports?
  9. The mean life time of a sample of 400 fluorescent light bulbs produced by a company is found to be 1570 hours with a standard deviation of 150 hours. Test the claim of the company that the mean life time of bulbs produced by the company is greater than 1600 hours at 1% level of significance.
  10. Prices of shares of a company on different days in a month were found to be:

66, 65, 69, 70, 69, 71, 70, 63, 64, 68.  Discuss whether the mean price of the shares is 65, using students t-test.
SECTION – B
II) Answer any THREE questions.  Each carries 15 marks.                              (3×15=45)
  11.  Discuss the different steps in research process.
  12. Can a questionnaire be used in all situations? Why/why not? What are the important factors that are to be considered while framing a questionnaire? Distinguish between a questionnaire and a schedule.
  13. Discuss in detail the steps that a researcher needs to follow to formulate a good research report. Do the criteria become different for different kinds of report?
  14.  The following table gives the number of refrigerators sold by 4 salesmen in three months May, June and July 2014:

 

                   Month Salesmen
A B C D
May 50 40 48 39
June 46 48 50 45
July 39 44 40 39

 

Is there a significant difference in the sales made by the four salesmen?

Is there a significant difference in the sales made during different months?
  15. A movie producer is bringing out a movie. In order to map out his advertisement campaign, he wants to determine whether the movie will appeal most to a particular age group or whether it will appeal equally to all age groups. The producer takes a random sample from persons attending a preview of the new movie and obtains the following results

Respondents Age Groups
Under 20 20-39 40-59 60 & over Total
Liked the movie 146 78 48 28 300
Disliked the movie 54 22 42 22 140
Indifferent 20 10 10 20 60
Total 220 110 100 70 500

 

What inference will you draw from this data by using Chi square test?

 
SECTION – C
III) Case Study                                                                                                            (1×20=20)
  16.  

Mr. Gowda has a chain of automobile servicing industry in many parts of the State of Karnanataka and was interested in diversifying his business. His son, Arun never wanted to be in the automobile line. To settle Arun into a line which would interest him, Mr. Gowda decided to venture into garment manufacturing. He suggested this idea to his son, who liked it very much. Arun has already done a course in fashion designing and wanted to do something different for the customers of this industry. An idea struck him that he should design garments for people who wanted smart and slim look after wearing readymade garments. The first thing that came to his mind was to have an idea about people who were buying readymade men’s wear.

A meeting was called of experts from the garment industry and a number of fashion designers to discuss on how they should proceed. A common concern for many of them was to know the size of such a market. Another issue that was bothering them was how to approach the respondents. It was believed that asking about the size of their shirt or trouser may put them off and there may not be any worthwhile response. A suggestion that came up was that they should employ some observers at the entrance of various malls and their job would be to look at people who walked into the mall and see whether the concerned person was wearing a big sized shirt or trouser. This would be a better way of approaching the respondents. This procedure would help them to estimate in a very simple way the proportion of people who wore big sized garments.

 

Questions:

(a)   Name the sampling design that is being used in the study. Do you think it is a suitable method?

(b)   What are the limitations of the design so chosen?

(c)    Can you suggest a better design?

(d)  What method of data collection is being employed? What other methods can be selected?

 

 

 

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  1. JOSEPH’S COLLEGE OF COMMERCE (AUTONOMOUS)

___________________________________________________________________

End Semester Examinations – APRIL 2015

M.Com. 11 Semester

Business Research Methodology

Duration: 3 Hrs                                                                                                                             Max. Marks: 100 

Section – A

  1. Answer Seven questions out of Ten           5 x 7 = 35 Mks

 

Ans 1: Research is an endeavour to discover facts by scientific method and is a course of critical investigation. It is a systematic, controlled, empirical and critical investigation of hypothetical proposition about presumed relations among natural phenomenon. It is concerned with seeking solutions to problems or answers to meaningful questions.  Characteristics: 1. Systematic and critical investigation into a phenomenon, 2. Aims at describing, interpreting and explaining a phenomenon,  3. Adopts scientific method, 4. Objective and logical,  5. Based on empirical evidence, 6. Development of generalizations, principles or theories, 7. Open for criticism.

 

Ans 2: Deduction: a logic which includes drawing conclusion from a given list of certain facts. General to Particular. E.g., All managers take decisions-Premises—1(true),  —i. Ram is a manager-                 Premises—2(true).     — ii. Therefore  ↓      (Argument)   Valid.  —– iii.  Ram takes decisions             True.

Induction: Does not involve any cause and effect relationship. Empirical evidence is the starting point. Particular to General. The workers union in the area is very strong. The union has made a “go-slow” call. It will have an impact on the execution of work on time.

 

Ans 3: A literature review should relate to the Problem area, hypothesis, theory area  and operationalization of variables, methodology and data analysis. It should summarize the results of previous studies that have reported relationships among the variables included.

Eye opener- 1.  Helps to Identify the gap,Helps to study the past, 2. Basic knowledge of information, 3. Identify proper sources of social results, 4. Helps to reach reliable conclusions.  5. Provides guidelines for analysis.

 

Ans 4: Research problem refers to a difficulty a researcher experiences in the context of a theoretical or practical situation and wants to a solution for the same. Techniques: 1. Statement of a problem in a general way, 2. Understanding the nature f the problem, 3. Surveying available research, 4 developing ideas through discussions, 5. Rephrasing research problem.

 

Ans 5: Type 1 error: occurs when researcher rejects Null hypothesis when it is true. The  probability of committing Type 1 error is called significance level. (Called alpha )  Type 11 error: occurs when researcher fails to reject a null hypothesis when it is false. The  probability of committing Type 11 error is called Beta. The  probability of not committing Type 11 error is called Power of the test.

 

Ans 6: The investigator obtains data by watching and noting the phenomena as they occur with regard to their cause and effect or mutual relations.  Methods: 1. Simple or uncontrolled observation: do not make use of any standardized observational techniques, such as questionnaires, schedules, tests etc. –no check on observers bias. Types:  A. Participant observation: observer generally lives in the group which he is studying, without revealing his identity. B. Nonparticipant observation: Investigator collects information without  attempting to disguise. C. Quasi-participant observation: Observer assumes several roles. Sometimes he takes part in activities, sometimes assumes the role of interviewer.  2. Systematic or controlled observation: removes the limitation of observers bias by using various control techniques. 3. Structured and unstructured observation.

 

Ans 7: Types of non-probability sampling: i. Purposive Sampling: (with a purpose in mind), ii. Judgment sampling, (expert uses judgment to identify representative sampling), iii. Convenience sampling (to obtain information quickly and inexpensively), iv, Quota sampling, (contact the responding units non-randomly according to some fixed quota), v. Expert sampling, (involves the assembling of a sample of persons with expertise in some area), vi. Snowball sampling,  (Generally used when it is difficult to identify members of the desired population )

 

Ans 8: Researcher has to ensure that: 1. data are appropriate, trustworthy and adequate, 2. Cautious about errors that can possibly arise, 3. Interpretation of data: take precautions concerning reliability of data, computational check, validation and comparison of results. 4. Identify factors that are hidden to eye 5. Remember that interaction between initial hypothesis,  empirical observation theoretical conceptions are well-knit.

 

Ans 9:  Null Hypothesis: H0 µ = 1560 hours; Ha = µ ≥ 1600 hours.

X = 1570 hours,  σp = 150 hours, n = 400  and LOS is,  = 1%.

S.E. = σp  / √n  =       150/√400    =   150/20 =7.5

Z = X- µ / σp  / √n  =  ( 1570 -1600) / 7.5   = 4

Decision Rule: Calculated value  (4) is more than Table Value (2.58) at 1% level of significance. Hence null hypothesis is rejected. Alternate hypothesis is accepted. There is significant difference between sample mean and hypothetical population mean.

  1. Prices of shares of a company on different days in a month were found to be:

66, 65, 69, 70, 69, 71, 70, 63, 64, 68.  Discuss whether the mean price of the shares is 65.

 

Ans 10: Hypothesis: there is no difference between the mean price of shares and the hypothetical population mean.

Calculation of Mean and Standard deviation

X (X-67) d d2
66 -1 1
65 -2 4
69 2 4
70 3 9
69 2 4
71 4 16
70 3 9
63 -4 16
64 -3 9
68 1 1
∑ X=675 ∑d=5 ∑ d2 = 73

 

t = X – µ  x √n / S   =                   675/10 67.5;                 d = 5/10 =            0.5

S = √∑ x2/n-1  =                  √73 /9 =              √8.111  =              2.8479,

T = 67.5 – 65 x √10/ 2.8479 =                       2.5 x 3.162/2.8479 =           2.774.

The Calculated Value of t is greater than the Table Value. Hence reject Null Hypothesis. Hence the mean price of the shares could not be Rs. 65.

Section – B

Answer Three questions  out of Five                                                                        3 x 15 = 45 Mks

 

Ans 11:  i. Formulating the research problems, aims and objectives.  ii. Extensive literature survey. iii. Development of working hypothesis. iv. preparing research design. v. Determining sample design.  vi. Collecting the data.  vii. Analyzing the data.  viii. Hypothesis testing. ix. Generalizations and interpretation.   xi. Preparation of report.

 

 

Ans 12: Various methods such as observation- interview- schedules – experiments – may be employed used for collecting required information. Factors that are to be considered: size of questionnaire- appearance-clarity- sequence of questions- interest catching capacity.

  Questionnaire Schedule
1 Filled by informants Filled by enumerators  
2 Simple questions Complex questions can be asked  
3 More chances of non response less chances of non response  
4 Relatively economical Relatively expensive  
5 Identity of respondent not known Identity of respondent known  
6 No personal contact Direct personal contact  
7 Can be used only when respondents are literate Can be used even when respondents are illiterate  

 

 

Ans 13:  Steps: Logical analysis of the subject matter- Preparation of the final outline – preparation of rough draft – rewriting and polishing – preparation of final bibliography – writing the final draft.

Criteria: presentation to be used depends on the circumstances under which the study arose and the nature of the results. A technical report is used whenever a full report of the study is required whether for record keeping or for public dissemination. A popular report is used if the research have policy implications. Technical report:  summary of results- nature of the study- methods employed- data- analysis of data and presentation of findings- conclusions- bibliography- technical appendices- index. Popular report: the findings and their implications- recommendations for action- objective of the study-methods employed- results- technical appendices.

 

Ans 14:   H0: Sales made by the four salesmen do not differ significantly

H1: Sales made by the four salesmen differ significantly

 

H0: Sales made during different months do not differ significantly

H1: Sales made during different months differ significantly

 

                   Month Salesmen Total
A B C D  
May 10 0 8 -1 17
June 6 8 10 5 29
July -1 4 0 -1 2
Total 15 12 18 3 48

 

Correction factor, i.e., CF= T2/N  = (48)2 /12 = 192

Sum of Squares Between Salesmen  (SSC)=

(∑X1)2/N) + (∑X2)2/N) + (∑X3)2/N) + (∑X3)2/N) –C.F.

 

[(15)2/3] + [(12)2/3]+ [(18)2/3] + [(3)2/3] – 192  =          75+48+108 +3 –  192 = 42

 

Sum of Squares Between   (SSR)=    [(17)2/4]+ [(29)2/4]+ [(2)2/4] – 192

=  72.25 + 210.25  + 1 – 192  =  91.5

 

 

Total sum of squares (SSE) = [(10)2 +(6)2 +(-1)2 +(0)2 +(8)2 +(4)2 +(8)2 +

(10)2 +(0)2 +(-1)2 +(5)2 +(-1)2 – 192  =  408 – 192 = 216

 

 

ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE TABLE

Source of Variation Sum of Squares v Mean Sum of Squares F
Between Columns (Salesmen) 42 3 42/3 = 14  

14 /13.75  =  1.108
Between Rows (Months) 91.5 2 91.5/2 = 45.75  

45.75 /13.75  =  3.33
Residual 82.5 6 82.5/6 = 13.75  
Total 216 11    

 

F (Salesmen)  = 1.018

Table value of F @ 5% for v1 = 3 and v2 = 6 is 4.76. since the Calculated value is less than the table value, Accept null Hypothesis. Hence the sales made by the four salesmen do not differ significantly.

F (Months)  = 3.33

Table value of F @ 5% for v1 = 2 and v2 = 6 is 5.14. Since the Calculated value is less than the table value, Accept null Hypothesis. Sales made during different months do not differ significantly

Ans 15:

O E (O – E)2 (O – E)2/ E
146 132.0 196.00 1.485
54 61.6 57.76 0. 938
20 26.4 40.96 1.552
78 66.0 144.00 2.182
22 30.8 77.44 2.514
10 13.2 10.24 0.776
48 60.0 144.00 2.400
42 28.0 196.00 7.000
10 12.0 4.00 0.333
28 42.0 196.00 4.667
22 19.6 5.76 0.294
20 8.4 134.56 16.019
      ∑[(O – E)2/ E] = 40.16

 

H0: Age of the viewers and ability to enjoy the movie is independent of each other.

H1: Age of the viewers and ability to enjoy the movie is dependent of each other.

(H0: Movie appeal equally to all age groups

H1: movie does not appeal equally to all age groups)

X2 = ∑[(O – E)2/ E] = 40.16

V = (r-1)(c-1) = (3-1)(4-1) = 6, For v = 6, X20.05 = 12.59,

Calculated Value of X2 is much greater than  Table Value. Reject Null Hypothesis. Therefore, conclude that the movie does not appeal equally to all age groups.

 

 

 

 

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