NEET (UG) Examination Held On 20.05.2019 Code G1
PART-A (BIOLOGY)
1. Which of the following cell organelles is present in the highest number in secretory cells?
(1) Mitochondria
(2) Golgi complex
(3) Endoplasmic reticulum
(4) Lysosomes
2. Non-membranous nucleoplasmic structures in nucleus are the site for active synthesis of
(1) protein synthesis
(2) mRNA
(3) rRNA
(4) tRNA
3. Which of the following nucleic acids is present in an organism having 70 S ribosomes only?
(1) Single stranded DNA with protein coat
(2) Double stranded circular naked DNA
(3) Double stranded DNA enclosed in nuclear membrane
(4) Double stranded circular DNA with histone proteins
4. After meiosis I, the resultant daughter cells have
(1) same amount of DNA as in the parent cell in S phase.
(2) twice the amount of DNA in comparison to haploid gamete.
(3) same amount of DNA in comparison to haploid gamete
(4) four times the amount of DNA in comparison to haploid gamete
5. Which of the following organic compounds is the main constituent of Lecithin?
(1) Arachidonic acid
(2) Phospholipid
(3) Cholesterol
(4) Phosphoprotein
6. The main difference between active and passive transport across cell membrane is :
(1) passive transport is non-selective whereas active transport is selective.
(2) passive transport requires a concentration gradient across a biological membrane whereas active transport requires energy to move solutes.
(3) passive transport is confined to anionic carrier proteins whereas active transport is confined to cationic channel proteins.
(4) active transport occurs more rapidly than passive transport.
7. Match the items given in Column – I with those in Column – II and choose the correct option.
Column-I Column-II
(a) Renin (i) Vitamin B12
(b) Enterokinase (ii) Facilitated transport
(c) Oxyntic cells (iii) Milk proteins
(d) Fructose (iv) Trypsinogen
(1) (a) – (iii), (b) – (iv), (c) – (ii), (d) – (i)
(2) (a) – (iv), (b) – (iii), (c) – (i), (d) – (ii)
(3) (a) – (iv), (b) – (iii), (c) – (ii), (d) – (i)
(4) (a) – (iii), (b) – (iv), (c) – (i), (d) – (ii)
8. Kwashiorkor disease is due to
(1) simultaneous deficiency of proteins and fats
(2) simultaneous deficiency of proteins and calories
(3) deficiency of carbohydrates
(4) protein deficiency not accompanied by calorie deficiency
9. Select the correct sequence of events.
(1) Gametogenesis → Gamete transfer → Syngamy → Zygote → Cell division (Cleavage) → Cell differentiation → Organogenesis
(2) Gametogenesis → Gamete transfer → Syngamy → Zygote → Cell division (Cleavage) → Organogenesis → Cell differentiation
(3) Gametogenesis → Syngamy → Gamete transfer → Zygote → Cell division (Cleavage) → Cell differentiation → Organogenesis
(4) Gametogenesis → Gamete transfer → Syngamy → Zygote → Cell differentiation → Cell division (Cleavage) → Organogenesis
10. Which of the following hormones is responsible for both the milk ejection reflex and the foetal ejectionreflex?
(1) Estrogen
(2) Prolactin
(3) Oxytocin
(4) Relaxin
11. No new follicles develop in the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle because :
(1) Follicles do not remain in the ovary after ovulation.
(2) FSH levels are high in the luteal phase
(3) LH levels are high in the luteal phase
(4) Both FSH and LH levels are low in the luteal phase
12. In Australia, marsupials and placental mammals have evolved to share many similar characteristics. This type of evolution may be referred to as –
(1) Adaptive Radiation
(2) Divergent Evolution
(3) Cyclical Evolution
(4) Convergent Evolution
13. Match the items of Column – I with Column – II :
Column-I Column-II
(a) XX-XO method of sex determination (i) Turner’s syndrome
(b) XX-XY method of sex Determination (ii) Female heterogametic
(c) Karyotype-45 (iii) Grasshopper
(d) ZW-ZZ method of Sex Determination (iv) Female homogametic
Select the correct option from the following:
(1) (a) – (ii), (b) – (iv), (c) – (i), (d) – (iii)
(2) (a) – (i), (b) – (iv), (c) – (ii), (d) – (iii)
(3) (a) – (iii), (b) – (iv), (c) – (i), (d) – (ii)
(4) (a) – (iv), (b) – (ii), (c) – (i), (d) – (iii)
14. What will be the sequence of mRNA produced by the following stretch of DNA?
3′ ATGCATGCATGCATG 5′ TEMPLATE STRAND
5′ TACGTACGTACGTAC 3′ CODING STRAND
(1) 3′ AUGCAUGCAUGCAUG 5′
(2) 5′ UACGUACGUACGUAC 3′
(3) 3′ UACGUACGUACGUAC 5′
(4) 5′ AUGCAUGCAUGCAUG 3′
15. Select the incorrect statement regarding inbreeding.
(1) Inbreeding helps in elimination of deleterious alleles from the population.
(2) Inbreeding is necessary to evolve a pure-line in any animal.
(3) Continued inbreeding reduces fertility and leads to inbreeding depression.
(4) Inbreeding depression can not be overcome by Out-crossing.
16. A biocontrol agent to be a part of an integrated pest management should be
(1) species-specific and symbiotic
(2) free living and broad spectrum
(3) narrow spectrum and symbiotic
(4) species-specific and inactive on non-target organisms
17. Match the following enzymes with their functions:
Column-I Column-II
(a) Restriction endonuclease (i) joins the DNA fragments
(b) Restriction exonuclease (ii) extends primers on genomic DNA template
(c) DNA ligase (iii) cuts DNA at specific position
(d) Tag polymerase (iv) removes nucleotides from the ends of DNA
(1) (a) – (iii), (b) – (i), (c) – (iv), (d) – (ii)
(2) (a) – (iii), (b) – (iv), (c) – (i), (d) – (ii)
(3) (a) – (iv), (b) – (iii), (c) – (i), (d) – (ii)
(4) (a) – (ii), (b) – (iv), (c) – (i), (d) – (iii)
18. The two antibiotic resistance genes on vector pBR 322 are for
(1) Ampicillin and Tetracycline
(2) Ampicillin and Chloramphenicol
(3) Chloramphenicol and Tetracycline
(4) Tetracycline and Kanamycin
19. Exploitation of bioresources of a nation by multinational companies without authorization from the concerned country is referred to as
(1) Bioweapon
(2) Biopiracy
(3) Bioethics
(4) Biowar
20. Carnivorous animals – lions and leopards, occupy the same niche but lions predate mostly larger animals and leopards take smaller ones. This mechanism of competition is referred to as –
(1) Character displacement
(2) Altruism
(3) Resource partitioning
(4) Competitive exclusion
21. Decline in the population of Indian native fishes due to introduction of Clarias gariepinus in river Yamuna can be categorised as
(1) Co-extinction
(2) Habitat fragmentation
(3) Over exploitation
(4) Alien species invasion
22. Match the following RNA polymerases with their transcribed products:
Column-I Column-II
(a) RNA polymerase I (i) tRNA
(b) RNA polymerase II (ii) rRNA
(c) RNA polymerase III (iii) hnRNA
Select the correct option from the following:
(1) (a) – (i), (b) – (iii), (c) – (ii)
(2) (a) – (i), (b) – (ii), (c) – (iii)
(3) (a) – (ii), (b) – (iii), (c) – (i)
(4) (a) – (iii), (b) – (ii), (c) – (i)
23. In a marriage between male with blood group A and female with blood group B, the progeny had either blood group AB or B. What could be the possible genotype of parents?
(1) IA i(Male) : IBIB (Female)
(2) IAIA(Male) : IBIB (Female)
(3) IAIA (Male) : IB i (Female)
(4) IA i (Male) ; IB i(Female)
24. A population of a species invades a new area. Which of the following condition will lead to Adaptive Radiation?
(1) Area with large number of habitats having very low food supply.
(2) Area with a single type of vacant habitat.
(3) Area with many types of vacant habitats.
(4) Area with many habitats occupied by a large number of species.
25. Identify A, B and C in the diagrammatic representation of the mechanism of hormone action.
Select the correct option from the following:
(1) A = Steroid Hormone; B = Hormone receptor Complex; C = Protein
(2) A = Protein Hormone; B = Receptor; C = Cyclic AMP
(3) A = Steroid Hormone; B = Receptor; C = Second Messenger
(4) A = Protein Hormone; B = Cyclic AMP; C = Hormone-receptor Complex
26. Humans have acquired immune system that produces antibodies to neutralize pathogens. Still innate immune system is present at the time of birth because it
(1) is very specific and uses different macrophages,
(2) produces memory cells for mounting fast secondary response.
(3) has natural killer cells which can phagocytose and destroy microbes
(4) provides passive immunity.
27. Which of the following statements is not correct?
(1) An action potential in an axon does not move backward because the segment behind is in a refractory phase.
(2) Depolarization of hair cells of cochlea results in the opening of the mechanically gated Potassiumion channels.
(3) Rods are very sensitive and contribute to daylight vision.
(4) In the knee-jerk reflex, stimulus is the stretching of muscle and response is its contraction.
28. Match the following joints with the bones involved:
Column-I Column-II
(a) Gliding joint (i) Between carpal and metacarpal of thumb
(b) Hinge joint (ii) Between Atlas and Axis
(c) Pivot joint (iii) Between the Carpals
(d) Saddle joint (iv) Between Humerus and Ulna
Select the correct option from the following:
(1) (a)-(iii), (b)-(iv), (c)-(ii), (d)-(i)
(2) (a)-(iv), (b)-(i), (c)-(ii), (d)-(iii)
(3) (a)-(iv), (b(-(ii), (c)-(iii), (d)-i)
(4) (a)-(i), (b)-(iii), (c)-(ii), (d)-(iv)
29. Which of the following diseases is an auto-immune disorder
(1) Myasthenia gravis
(2) Arthritis
(3) Osteoporosis
(4) Gout
30. Artificial light, extended work-time and reduced sleep-time disrupt the activity of
(1) Thymus gland
(2) Pineal gland
(3) Adrenal gland
(4) Posterior pituitary gland
31. Which of the following conditions will stimulate parathyroid gland to release parathyroid hormone ?
(1) Fall in active Vitamin D levels
(2) Fall in blood Ca+2 levels
(3) Fall in bone Ca+2 levels
(4) Rise in blood Ca+2 levels
32. Which of the following is a correct statement ?
(1) IUDs once inserted need not be replaced.
(2) IUDs are generally inserted by the user herself.
(3) IUDs increase phagocytosis of sperms in the uterus.
(4) IUDs suppress gametogenesis.
33. Which of the following sexually transmitted diseases do not specifically affect reproductive organs ?
(1) Genital warts and Hepatitis-B
(2) Syphilis and Genital herpes
(3) AIDS and Hepatitis B
(4) Chlamydiasis and AIDS
34. Match the following genera with their respective phylum :
(a) Ophiura (i) Mollusca
(b) Physalia (ii) Platyhelminthes
(c) Pinctada (iii) Echinodermata
(d) Planaria (iv) Coelenterata
Select the correct option :
(1) (a)-(iv), (b)-(i), (c)-(iii), (d)-(ii)
(2) (a)-(iii), (b)-(iv), (c)-(i), (d)-(ii)
(3) (a)-(i), (b)-(iii), (c)-(iv), (d)-(ii)
(4) (a)-(iii), (b)-(iv), (c)-(ii), (d)-(i)
35. Which of the following animals are true coelomates with bilateral symmetry ?
(1) Adult Echinoderms
(2) Aschelminthes
(3) Platyhelminthes
(4) Annelids
36. The contrasting characteristics generally in a pair used for identification of animals in Taxonomic Key are referred to as :
(1) Lead
(2) Couplet
(3) Doublet
(4) Alternate
37. Match the following cell structure with its characteristic feature :
(a) Tight junctions
(b) Adhering junctions
(c) Gap junctions
(d)Synaptic junctions
(i) Cement neighbouring cells together to form sheet
(ii) Transmit information through chemical to another cells
(iii) Establish a barrier to prevent leakage of fluid across epithelial cells
(iv) Cytoplasmic channels to facilitate communication between adjacent cells
Select correct option from the following :
(1) (a)-(ii), (b)-(iv), (c)-(i), (d)-(iii)
(2) (a)-(iv), (b )-(ii), (c)-(i), (d)-(iii)
(3) (a)-(iii), (b)-(i), (c)-(iv), (d)-(ii)
(4) (a)-(iv), (b)-(iii), (c)-(i), (d)-(ii)
38. Which of the following statements is INCORRECT ?
(1) Cockroaches exhibit mosaic vision with less sensitivity and more resolution
(2) A mushroom-shaped gland is present in the 6th-7th abdominal segments of male cockroach.
(3) A pair of spermatheca is present in the 6th segment of female cockroach
(4) Female cockroach possesses sixteen ovarioles in the ovaries.
39. Select the correct statement.
(1) Expiration occurs due to external intercostal muscles.
(2) Intrapulmonary pressure is lower than the atmospheric pressure during inspiration.
(3) Inspiration occurs when atmospheric pressure is less than intrapulmonary pressure.
(4) Expiration is initiated due to contraction of diaphragm.
40. The maximum volume of air a person can breathe in after a forced expiration is known as :
(1) Expiratory Capacity
(2) Vital Capacity
(3) Inspiratory Capacity
(4) Total Lung Capacity
41. All the components of the nodal tissue are autoexcitable. Why does the SA node act as the normal pacemaker ?
(1) SA node has the lowest rate of depolarisation.
(2) SA node is the only component to generate the threshold potential.
(3) Only SA node can convey the action potential to the other components.
(4) SA node has the highest rate of depolarisation.
42. A specialised nodal tissue embedded in the lower corner of the right atrium, close to Atrio-ventricular septum, delays the spreading of impulses to heart apex for about 0.1 sec.
This delay allows –
(1) blood to enter aorta.
(2) the ventricles to empty completely.
(3) blood to enter pulmonary arteries.
(4) the atria to empty completely.
43. Match the following parts of a nephron with their function:
(a) Descending limb of Henle’s loop
(b) Proximal convoluted tubule
(c) Ascending limb of Henle’s loop
(d) Distal convoluted tubule
(i) Reabsorption of salts only
(ii) Reabsorption of water only
(iii) Conditional reabsorption of sodium ions and water
(iv) Reabsorption of ions, water and organic nutrients
Select the correct option from the following :
(1) (a)-(i), (b)-(iii), (c)-(ii), (d)-(iv)
(2) (a)-(ii), (b)-(iv), (c)-(i), (d)-(iii)
(3) (a)-(i), (b)-(iv), (c)-(ii), (d)-(iii)
(4) (a)-(iv), (b)-(i),(c)-(iii), (d)-(ii)
44. Match the items in Column – I with those in Column – II :
Column – I Column – II
(a) Podocytes (i) Crystallised oxalates
(b) Protonephridia (ii) Annelids
(c) Nephridia (iii) Amphioxus
(d) Renal calculi (iv) Filtration slits
Select the correct option from the following:
(1) (a)-(iii), (b )-(iv), (c)-(ii), (d)-(i)
(2) (a)-(iii), (b)-(ii), (c)-(iv), (d)-(i)
(3) (a)-(iv), (b)-(iii), (c)-(ii), (d)-(i)
(4) (a)-(iv), (b)-(ii), (c)-(iii), (d)-(i)
45. Which of the following receptors are specifically responsible for maintenance of balance of body and posture ?
(1) Basilar membrane and otoliths
(2) Hair cells and organ of corti
(3) Tectorial membrane and macula
(4) Crista ampullaris and macula
46. Which of the following is against the rules of ICBN?
(1) Hand written scientific names should be underlined.
(2) Every species should have a generic name and a specific epithet.
(3) Scientific names are in Latin and should be italized.
(4) Generic and specific names should be written starting with small letters.
47. Mad cow disease in cattle is caused by an organism which has :
(1) Inert crystalline
(2) Abnormally folded protein
(3) Free RNA without protein coat
(4) Free DNA without protein coat
48. Which of the following statements is correct?
(1) Lichens do not grow in polluted areas.
(2) Algal component of lichens is called mycobiont.
(3) Fungal component of lichens is called phycobiont.
(4) Lichens are not good pollution indicators.
49. Match the organisms in column I with habitats in column II.
Column I Column II
(a) Halophiles (i) Hot springs
(b)Thermoacidophiles (ii) Aquatic environment
(c) Methanogens (iii) Guts of ruminants
(d) Cyanobacteria (iv) Salty areas
Select the correct answer from the options given below :
(1) (a)-(iv), (b)-(i), (c)-(iii), (d)-(ii)
(2) (a)-(i), (b)-(ii), (c)-(iii), (d)-(iv)
(3) (a)-(iii), (b)-(iv), (c)-(i), (d)-(i)
(4) (a)-(ii). (b)-(iv), (c)-(iii), (d)-(i)
50. In the dicot root the vascular cambium originates from :
(1) Tissue located below the phloem bundles and a portion of pericycle tissue above protoxylem.
(2) Cortical region
(3) Parenchyma between endodermis and pericycle
(4) Intrafascicular and interfascicular tissue in a ring
51. Which of the following shows whorled phyllotaxy ?
(1) Mustard
(2) China rose
(3) Alstonia
(4) Calotropis
52. Regeneration of damaged growing grass following grazing is largely due to :
(1) Lateral meristem
(2) Apical meristem
(3) Intercalary meristem
(4) Secondary meristem
53. Bicarpellary ovary with obliquely placed septum is seen in :
(1) Brassica
(2) Aloe
(3) Solanum
(4) Sesbania
54. Which is the most common type of embryo sac in angiosperms?
(1) Tetrasporic with one mitotic stage of divisions
(2) Monosporic with three sequential mitotic divisions
(3) Monosporic with two sequential mitotic divisions
(4) Bisporic with two sequential mitotic divisions
55. From the following, identify the correct combination of salient features of Genetic Code
(1) Universal, Non-ambiguous,Overlapping
(2) Degenerate, Overlapping, Commaless
(3) Universal, Ambiguous, Degenerate
(4) Degenerate, Non-overlapping, Non ambiguous
56. Which scientist experimentally proved that DNA is the sole genetic material in bacteriophage ?
(1) Beadle and Tautum
(2) Messelson and Stahl
(3) Hershey and Chase
(4) Jacob and Monod
57. In the process of transcription in Eukaryotes, the RNA polymerase I transcribes –
(1) mRNA with additional processing, capping and tailing
(2) tRNA, 5 S rRNA and snRNAs
(3) rRNAs – 28 S, 18 S and 5.8 S
(4) Precursor of mRNA, hnRNA
58. In which genetic condition, each cell in the affected person, has three sex chromosomes XXY?
(1) Thalassemia
(2) Kleinfelter’s Syndrome
(3) Phenylketonuria
(4) Turner’s Syndrome
59. What initiation and termination factors are involved in transcription in Eukaryotes ?
(1) σ and ρ, respectively
(2) α and β, respectively
(3) β and γ, respectively
(4) α and σ, respectively
60. Which of the following statements is correct about the origin and evolution of men ?
(1) Agriculture came around 50,000 years back.
(2) The Dryopithecus and Ramapithecus primates existing 15 million years ago, walked like men.
(3) Homo habilis probably ate meat.
(4) Neanderthal men lived in Asia between 100000 and 40000 years back
61. The production of gametes by the parents the formation of zygotes, the F1 and F2 plants can be understood using
(1) Pie diagram
(2) A pyramid diagram
(3) Punnet square
(4) Wenn diagram
62. Match the column I with column II.
Column I Column II
(a) Golgi apparatus (i) Synthesis of protein
(b) Lysosomes (ii) Trap waste and excretory products
(c) Vacuoles (iii) Formation of glycoproteins and glycolipids
(d) Ribosomes (iv) Digesting biomolecules
Choose the right match from options given below:
(1) (a)-(iii), (b)-(iv), (c)-(ii), (d)-(i)
(2) (a)-(iv), (b)-(iii), (c)-(i), (d)-(ii)
(3) (a)-(iii), (b)-(ii), (c)-(iv), (d)-(i)
(4) (a)-(i), (b)-(ii), (c)-(iv), (d)-(iii)
63. Prosthetic groups differ from co-enzymes in that,
(1) they require metal ions for their activity.
(2) they (prosthetic groups) are tightly bound to apoenzymes.
(3) their association with apoenzymes is transient.
(4) they can serve as co-factors in a number of enzyme-catalyzed reactions.
64. Crossing over takes place between which chromatids and in which stage of the cell cycle?
(1) Non-sister chromatids of non-homologous chromosomes at Zygotene stage of prophase I.
(2) Non-sister chromatids of homologous chromosomes at Pachytene stage of prophase I.
(3) Non-sister chromatids of homologous chromosomes at Zygotene stage of prophase I.
(4) Non-sister chromatids of non-homologous chromosomes at Pachytene stage of prophase I.
65. “Ramachandran plot” is used to confirm the structure of
(1) RNA
(2) Proteins
(3) Triacylglycerides
(4) DNA
66. Which of the following is not a feature of active transport of solutes in plants ? .
(1) Occurs against concentration gradient
(2) Non-selective
(3) Occurs through membranes
(4) Requires ATP
67. Which of the following bacteria reduce nitrate in soil into nitrogen ?
(1) Nitrobacter
(2) Thiobacillus
(3) Nitrococcus
(4) Nitrosomonas
68. What will be the direction of flow of water when a plant cell is placed in a Hypotonic solution?
(1) Water will flow in both directions.
(2) Water will flow out of the cell.
(3) Water will flow into the cell.
(4) No flow of water in any direction.
69. Where is the respiratory electron transport system (ETS) located in plants?
(1) Mitochondrial matrix
(2) Outer mitochondrial membrane
(3) Inner mitochondrial membrane
(4) Intermembrane space
70. In Hutch and Slack pathway, the primary CO2 acceptor is –
(1) Oxaloacetic acid
(2) Phosphoglyceric acid
(3) Phosphoenol pyruvate
(4) Rubisco
71. Removal of shoot tips is a very useful technique to boost the production of tealeaves. This is because
(1) Gibberellins prevent bolting and are inactivated.
(2) Auxins prevent leaf drop at early stages.
(3) Effect of auxins is removed and growth of lateral buds is enhanced.
(4) Gibberellins delay senescence of leaves.
72. One scientist cultured Cladophora in a suspension of Azotobacter and illuminated the culture by splitting light through a prism. He observed that bacteria accumulated mainly in the region of :
(1) Violet and green light
(2) Indigo and green light
(3) Orange and yellow light
(4) Blue and red light
73. In order to increase the yield of sugarcane crop, which of the following plant growth regulators should be sprayed ?
(1) Ethylene
(2) Auxins
(3) Gibberellins
(4) Cytokinins
74. What type of pollination takes place Vallisneria?
(1) Pollination occurs in submerged condition by water.
(2) Flowers emerge above surface of Water and pollination occurs by insects.
(3) Flowers emerge above water surface and pollen is carried by wind.
(4) Male flowers are carried by water currents to female flowers at surface of water.
75. In which one of the following, both autogamy and geitonogamy are prevented?
(1) Wheat
(2) Papaya
(3) Castor
(4) Maize
76. Match the placental types (column-I) with their examples (column-II)
Column–I Column–II
(a) Basal (i) Mustard
(b) Axile (ii) China rose
(c) Parietal (iii) Dianthus
(d) Free central (iv) Sunflower
Choose the correct answer from the following
(1) (a)-(ii), (b)-(iii),(c)-(iv), (d)-(i)
(2) (a)-(i), (b)-(ii), (c)-(iii), (d)-(iv)
(3) (a)-(iv), (b)-(ii), (c)-(i), (d)-(iii)
(4) (a)-(iii), (b)-(iv), (c)-(i), (d)-(ii)
77. A selectable marker is used to :
(1) help in eliminating the non transformants so that the transformants can be regenerated
(2) identify the gene for a desired trait in an alien organism
(3) select a suitable vector for transformation in a specific crop
(4) mark a gene on a chromosome for isolation using restriction enzyme
78. Western Ghats have a large number of plant and animal species that are not found anywhere else. Which of the following terms will you use to notify such species ?
(1) Endemic
(2) Vulnerable
(3) Threatened
(4) Keystone
79. Which of the following statements about ozone is correct ?
(1) Tropospheric ozone protects us from UV radiations.
(2) Stratospheric ozone is ‘bad’.
(3) Tropospheric ozone is ‘good’.
(4) Stratospheric ozone protects us from UV radiations.
80. Exploration of molecular, genetic and species level diversity for novel products of economic importance is known as :
(1) Biopiracy
(2) Bioenergetics
(3) Bioremediation
(4) Bioprospecting
81. Which of the following is an innovative remedy for plastic waste ?
(1) Burning in the absence of oxygen
(2) Burrying 500 m deep below soil surface
(3) Polyblend
(4) Electrostatic precipitator
82. Between which among the following, the relationship is not an example of commensalism ?
(1) Orchid and the tree on which it grows
(2) Cattle Egret and grazing cattle
(3) Sea Anemone and Clown fish
(4) Female wasp and fig species
83. If an agricultural field is liberally, irrigated for a prolonged period of time, it is likely to face a problem of :
(1) Metal toxicity
(2) Alkalinity
(3) Acidity
(4) Salinity
84. Which of the following statements about methanogens is not correct?
(1) The can be used to produce biogas,
(2) They are found in the rumen of cattle and their excreta.
(3) They grow aerobically and breakdown cellulose-rich food.
(4) They produce methane gas.
85. In mung bean, resistance to yellow mosaic, virus and powdery mildew were brought about by :
(1) Mutation breeding
(2) Biofortification
(3) Tissue culture
(4) Hybridization and selection
86. Coca alkaloid or cocaine is obtained from
(1) Papaver somniferum
(2) Atropha belladona
(3) Erythroxylum coca
(4) Datura
87. Among the following pairs of microbes, which pair has both the microbes that can be used as biofertilizers ?
(1) Aspergillus and Rhizopus
(2) Rhizobium and Rhizopus
(3) Cyanobacteria and Rhizobium
(4) Aspergillus and Cyanobacteria
88. Given below are four statements pertaining to separation of DNA fragments using Gel electrophoresis. Identify the incorrect statements.
(a) DNA is negatively charged molecule and so it is loaded on gel towards the Anode terminal.
(b) DNA fragments travel along the surface of the gel whose concentration does not affect movement of DNA.
(c) Smaller the size of DNA fragment, larger is the distance it travels through it.
(d) Pure DNA can be visualized directly by exposing to UV radiation.
Choose correct answer from the options given below:
(1) (a), (c) and (d)
(2) (a), (b) and (c)
(3) (b), (c) and (d)
(4) (a), (b) and (d)
89. An enzyme catalysing the removal of nucleotides from ends of DNA is :
(1) DNA ligase
(2) Endonuclease
(3) Exonuclease
(4) Protease
90. In RNAi, the genes are silenced using:
(1) ds – RNA
(2) ss – DNA
(3) ss – RNA
(4) ds – DNA
PARTB-B (CHEMISTRY)
91. The reaction that does not give benzoic acid as the major product is –
92. The amine that reacts with Hinsberg’s reagent to give an alkali insoluble product is –
93. Which structure(s) of proteins remains(s) intact during denaturation process ?
(1) Both secondary and tertiary structures
(2) Primary structure only
(3) Secondary structure only
(4) Tertiary structure only
94. The polymer that is used as a substitute for wool in making commercial fibers is –
(1) melamine
(2) nylon-6, 6
(3) Polyacrylonitrile
(4) Buna-N
95. The artificial sweetner stable at cooking temperature and does not provide calories is –
(1) Saccharin
(2) Aspartame
(3) Sucralose
(4) Alitame
96. The liquefied gas that is used in dry cleaning along with a suitable detergent is –
(1) Water gas
(2) Petroleum gas
(3) NO2
(4) CO2
97. The hydrolysis reaction that takes place at the slowest rate. among the following is
98. When vapour of a secondary alcohol is passed over heated copper at 573 K, the product formed is
(1) a carboxylic acid
(2) an aldehyde
(3) a ketone
(4) an alkene
99. The major product C and D formed in the following reaction respectively are :
(1) H3C−CH2−CH2−I and I−C(CH3)3
(2) H3C−CH2−CH2−OH and I−C(CH3)3
(3) H3C−CH2−CH2−I and HO−C(CH3)3
(4) H3C−CH2−CH2−OH and HO−C(CH3)3
100. Match the oxide given in column A with its property given column-II
Column -I Column-II
(i) Na2O (a) Neutral
(ii) Al2O3 (b) Basic
(iii) N2O (c) Acidic
(iv) Cl2O7 (d) Amphoteric
Which of the following options has all correct pairs ?
(1) (i) − (b), (ii) − (a), (iii) − (d), (iv) − (c)
(2) (i) − (c), (ii) − (b), (iii) − (a), (iv) − (d)
(3) (i) − (a), (ii) − (d), (iii) − (b), (iv) − (c)
(4) (i) − (b), (ii) − (d), (iii) − (a), (iv) − (c)
101. Match the catalyst with the process :
Catalys Process
(i) V2O5 (a) The oxidation of ethyne to ethanal
(ii) TiCl4 + Al(CH3)3 (b) Polymerisation
(iii) PdCl2 (c) Oxidation of SO2 in the manufacture of H2SO4
(iv) Nickel complexes (d) Polymerisation of ethylene
(1) (i) − (c), (ii) − (d), (iii) − (a), (iv) − (b)
(2) (i) − (a), (ii) − (b), (iii) − (c), (iv) − (d)
(3) (i) − (a), (ii) − (c), (iii) − (b), (iv) − (d)
(4) (i) − (c), (ii) − (a), (iii) − (d), (iv) − (b)
102. The most stable carbocation among the following is
(1) (CH3)3C−CH+−CH3
(2) CH3−CH2-CH+−CH2−CH3
(3) CH3−CH+−CH2−CH2−CH3
(4) CH3−CH2−CH+
103. The alkane that gives only one monochloro product on chlorination with Cl2 in precence of diffused sunlight is –
(1) 2,2,-dimethylbutane
(2) neopentane
(3) n-pentane
(4) Isopentane
104. In the following reaction
number of (σ) bond present in product (A) is –
(1) 21
(2) 9
(3) 24
(4) 18
105. Aluminium chloride in acidified aqueous solution forms a complex ‘A’, in which hybridisation state of Al is ‘B’. What are ‘A’ and ‘B’ respectively ?
(1) [Al(H2O)6]3+, sp3d2
(2) [Al(H2O)4]3+, sp3
(3) [Al(H2O)4]3+, dsp2
(4) [Al(H2O)6]3+, d2sp3
106. Which of the following compounds is used in cosmetic surgery ?
(1) Silica
(2) Silicates
(3) Silicones
(4) Zeolites
107. Identify the incorrect statement
(1) The scientific and technological process used for isolation of the metal from its ore is known as metallurgy
(2) Minerals are naturally occurring chemical substances in the earth’s crust
(3) Ores are minerals that may contain a metal
(4) Gangue is an ore contaminated with undesired materials
108. A compound ‘X’ upon reaction with H2O produces a colorless gas ‘Y’ with rotton fish smell. Gas ‘Y’is absorbed in a solution of CuSO4 to give Cu3P2 as one of the products. Predict the compound ‘X’
(1) Ca3P2
(2) NH4Cl
(3) As2O3
(4) Ca3(PO4)2
109. Which of the following oxoacids of phosphorus has strongest reducing property ?
(1) H4P2O7
(2) H3PO3
(3) H3PO2
(4) H3PO4
110. Identify the correct formula of ‘oleum’ from the following
(1) H2S2O7
(2) H2SO3
(3) H2SO4
(4) H2S2O8
111. When neutral or faintly alkaline KMnO4 is treated with potassium iodide, iodide ion is converted into ‘X’, ‘X’ is –
(1) I2
(2) IO4−
(3) IO3−
(4) IO−
112. The crystal field stabilization energy (CFSE) for [CoCl6]4− is 18000 cm−1 , the CFSE for [CoCl4]2−will be
(1) 6000 cm−1
(2) 16000 cm−1
(3) 18000 cm−1
(4) 8000 cm−1
113. following limiting molar conductivities are given as
(1) x – y + 2z
(2) x + y + z
(3) x – y + z
(4) 
114. A first order reaction has a rate constant of 2.303 × 10−3 s−1. The time required for 40 g of this reactant to reduce to 10 g will be −[Given that log10 2 = 0.3010]
(1) 230.3 s
(2) 301 s
(3) 2000 s
(4) 602 s
115. For a reaction, activation energy Ea = 0 and the rate constant at 200 K is 1.6 × 106s−1. The rate constant at 400 will be –[Given that gas constant, R = 8.314 J K−1 mol−1]
(1) 3.2 × 104 s−1
(2) 1.6 × 106 s−1
(3) 1.6 × 103 s−1
(4) 3.2 × 106 s−1
116. The correct option representing a Freundlich adsorption isotherm is –
(1) 
(2) 
(3) 
(4) 
117. Which of the following is paramagnetic ?
(1) N2
(2) H2
(3) Li2
(4) O2
118. Which of the following is the correct order of dipole moment?
(1) NH3 < BF3 < NF3 < H2O
(2) BF3 < NF3 < NH3 < H2O
(3) BF3 < NH3 < NF3 < H2O
(4) H2O < NF3 < NH3 < BF3
119. Crude sodium chloride obtained by crystallization of brine solution does not contain-
(1) MgSO4
(2) Na2SO4
(3) MgCl2
(4) CaSO4
120. Which of the alkali metal chloride (MCl) forms its dehydrate salt (MCl.2H2O) easily ?
(1) LiCl
(2) CsCl
(3) RbCl
(4) KCl
121. The pH of 0.01 M NaOH (aq) solution will be –
(1) 7.01
(2) 2
(3) 12
(4) 9
122. Which of the following cannot act both as Bronsted acid and as Bronsted base ?
(1) HCO3−
(2) NH3
(3) HCl
(4) HSO4−
123. The molar solubility of CaF2 (Ksp = 5.3 × 10−11) in 0.1 M solution of NaF will be-
(1) 5.3 × 10−11 mol L−1
(2) 5.3 × 10−8 mol L−1
(3) 5.3 × 10−9 mol L−1
(4) 5.3 × 10−10 mol L−1
124. The oxidation sate of Cr in CrO6 is –
(1) −6
(2) +12
(3) +6
(4) +4
125. The number of hydrogen bonded water molecule(s) associated with CuSO4. 5H2O is –
(1) 3
(2) 1
(3) 2
(4) 5
126. Formula of nickel oxide with metal deficiency defect in its crystal is Ni98O. The crystal contains Ni2+ and Ni3+ ions. The fraction of nickel existing as Ni2+ ions in the crystal is –
(1) 0.96
(2) 0.04
(3) 0.50
(4) 0.31
127. Which of the following statements is correct regarding a solution of two component A and B exhibiting positive deviation from idea behavior ?
(1) Intermolecular attractive force between A-A and B-B are stronger than those between A-B.
(2) ∆mix H = 0 at constant T and P.
(3) ∆mix V = 0 at constant . T and P.
(4) Intermolecular attractive forces between A-A and B-B are equal to those between A-B.
128. In water saturated air, the mole fraction of water vapour is 0.02. If the total pressure of the saturated air is 1.2 atm, the partial pressure of dry air is –
(1) 1.18 atm
(2) 1.76 atm
(3) 1.176 atm
(4) 0.98 atm
129. The standard electrode potential (E0) value of Al3+/Al, Ag+/Ag, K+/K and Cr3+/Cr are −66 V, 0.80 V, −2.93 V & −0.79 V respectively. The correct decreasing order of reducing power of metal is-
(1) Ag > Cr > Al > K
(2) K > Al > Cr > Ag
(3) K > Al > Ag > Cr
(4) Al > K > Ag > Cr
130. The densiy of 2 M aqueous solution of NaOH is 1.28 g/cm3. The molality of the solution is [Given that molecular mass of NaOH = 40 gmol−1]
(1) 1.20 m
(2) 1.56 m
(3) 1.67 m
(4) 1.32 m
131. Orbital having 3 angular nodes and 3 total nodes is :
(1) 5 p
(2) 3 d
(3) 4 f
(4) 6 d
132. In hydrogen atom, the de Broglie wavelength of an electron in the second Bohr orbit is: [Given that Bohr radius, a0 = 52.9 pm]
(1) 211.6 pm
(2) 211.6 π pm
(3) 52.9 π pm
(4) 105.8 pm
133. The volume occupied by 1.8 g of water vapour at 374ºC and 1 bar pressure will be- [Use R = 0.083 bar LK−1 mol−1]
(1) 96.66 L
(2) 55.87 L
(3) 3.10 L
(4) 5.37 L
134. An ideal gas expands isothermally from 10−3 m3 to 10−2 m3 at 300 K against a constant pressure of 105 Nm−2. The work done on the gas is :
(1) +270 kJ
(2) −900 J
(3) +900 kJ
(4) −900 kJ
135. Reversible expansion of an ideal gas under isothermal and adiabatic conditions are as shown in the figure :
Which of the following options is not correct?
(1) ∆Sisothermal > ∆Sadiabatic
(2) TA = TB
(3) Wisothermal > Wadiabatic
(4) TC > TA
PART-C (PHYSICS)
136. Two metal spheres, one of radius R and the other of radius 2R respectively have the same surface charge density σ. They are brought in contact and separated. What will be the new surface charge densities on them?
(1) 
(2) 
(3) 
(4) 
137. The distance covered by a particle undergoing SHM in one time period is (amplitude = A),
(1) zero
(2) A
(3) 2 A
(4) 4 A
138. A mass falls from a height ‘h’ and its time of fall ‘t’ is recorded in terms of time period T of a simple pendulum. On the surface of earth it is found that t = 2T. The entire set up is taken on the surface of another planet whose mass is half of that of earth and radius the same. Same experiment is repeated and corresponding times noted as t’ and T’. Then we can say
(1) t’=√2T’
(2) t’ > 2T’
(3) t’ > 2T’
(4) t’ = 2T’
139. A tuning fork with frequency 800 Hz produces resonance in a resonance column tube with upper end open and lower end closed by water surface. Successive resonances are observed at lengths 9.75 cm, 31.25 cm and 52.75 cm. The speed of sound in air is,
(1) 500 m/s
(2) 156 m/s
(3) 344 m/s
(4) 172 m/s
140. An object flying in air with velocity 
suddenly breaks into two pieces whose masses are in the ratio 1: 5. The smaller flies off with a velocity 
The velocity of the larger piece will be
(1) 
(2) 
(3) 
(4) 
141. An object kept in a large room having air temperature of 25ºC takes 12 minutes to cool from 80ºC to 70ºC.
The time taken to cool for the same object from 70º to 60ºC would be nearly,
(1) 10 min
(2) 12 min
(3) 20 min
(4) 15 min
142. Two small spherical metal balls, having equal masses, are made from materials of densities ρ1 and ρ2 (ρ1 = 8 ρ2) and having radii of 1 mm and 2 mm, respectively. They are made to fall vertically (from rest in a viscous medium whose coefficient of viscosity equals η and whose density is 0.1 ρ2. The ratio of their terminal velocities would be
(1) 79/72
(2) 19/36
(3) 39/72
(4) 79/36
143. A particle starting from rest, moves in a circle of radius ‘r’. It attains a velocity of V0 m/s in the nth round. Its angular acceleration will be:
(1) 
(2) 
(3) 
(4) 
144. A person standing on the floor of an elevator drops a coin. The coin reaches the floor in time t1 if the elevator is moving uniformly. Then
(1) t1 < t2 or t1 > t2 depending upon whether the lift is going up or down
(2) t1 < t2
(3) t1 > t2
(4) t1 = t2
145. A truck is stationary and has a bob suspended by a light string, in a frame attached to the truck. The truck, suddenly moves to the right with an acceleration of a. The pendulum will tilt
(1) to the left and angle of inclination of the pendulum with the vertical is sin−1 (g/a)
(2) to the left and angle of inclination of the pendulum with the vertical is tan−1(a/g)
(3) to the left and angle of inclination of the pendulum with the vertical is sin−1 (a/g)
(4) to the left and angle of inclination of the pendulum with the vertical is tan−1 (g/a)
146. In a u-tube as shown in the figure water and oil are in the left side and right side of the tube respectively. The heights from the bottom for water and oil columns are 15 cm and 20 cm respectively. The density of the oil is:
(1) 1200 kg/m3
(2) 750 kg/m3
(3) 1000 kg/m3
(4) 1333 kg/m3
147. A deep rectangular pond of surface area A, containing water (density = ρ, specific heat capacity = s), is located in a region where the outside air temperature is at a steady value of −26ºC. The thickness of the frozen ice layer in this pond, at a certain instant is x.
Taking the thermal conductivity of ice as K, and its specific latent heat of fusion as L, the rate of increase of the thickness of ice layer, at this instant, would be given by
(1) 26K/ρx(L-4s)
(2) 26K/(ρx2L)
(3) 26K/(ρxL)
(4) 26K/ρx(L+4s)
148. An LED is constructed from a p-n junction diode using GaAsP. The energy gap is 1.9 eV. The wavelength of the light emitted will be equal to
(1) 10.4 ×10−26 m
(2) 654 nm
(3) 654 Å
(4) 654 ×10−11 m
149. The circuit diagram shown here corresponds to the logic gate,
(1) NOR
(2) AND
(3) OR
(4) NAND
150. The value of 
for hydrogen helium and another ideal diatomic gas X (whose molecules are not rigid but have an additional vibrational mode), are respectively equal to,
(1) 7/5, 5/3, 9/7
(2) 5/3, 7/5, 9/7
(3) 5/3, 7/5, 7/5
(4) 7/5, 5/3, 7/5
151. An equiconvex lens has power P. It is cut into two symmetrical halves by a plane containing the principal axis. The power of one part will be,
(1) 0
(2) P/2
(3) P/4
(4) P
152. In Young’s double slit experiment, if there is no initial phase difference between the light from the two slits, a point on the screen corresponding to the fifth minimum has path difference
(1) 
(2) 
(3) 
(4) 
153. A double convex lens has focal length 25 cm. The radius of curvature of one of the surfaces is double of the other. Find the radii if the refractive index of the material of the lens is 1.5.
(1) 100 cm, 50 cm
(2) 25 cm, 50 cm
(3) 18.75 cm, 37.5 cm
(4) 50 cm, 100 cm
154. Two bullets are fired horizontally and simultaneously towards each other from roof tops of two buildings 100 m apart and of same height of 200 m, with the same velocity of 25 m/s. When and where will the two bullets collide? (g = 10 m/s2)
(1) after 2s at a height of 180 m
(2) after 2s at a height of 20 m
(3) after 4s at a height of 120 m
(4) they will not collide
155. The stress-strain curves are drawn for two different materials X and Y. It is observed that the ultimate strength point and the fracture point are close to each other for material X but are far apart for material Y. We can say the materials X and Y are likely to be (respectively),
(1) ductile and brittle
(2) brittle and ductile
(3) brittle and plastic
(4) plastic and ductile
156. A body of mass m is kept on a rough horizontal surface (coefficient of friction = μ). A horizontal force is applied on the body, but it does not move. The resultant of normal reaction and the frictional force acting on the object is given by F, where F is,
(1) 
(2) 
(3) 
(4) 
157. A particle of mass 5 m at rest suddenly breaks on its own into three fragments. Two fragments of mass m each move along mutually perpendicular direction with speed v each. The energy released during the process is,
(1) 
(2) 
(3) 
(4) 
158. An object of mass 500 g, initially at rest, is acted upon by a variable force whose X-component varies with X in the manner shown. The velocities of the object at the points X = 8 m and X = 12 m, would have the respective values of (nearly)
(1) 18 m/s and 24.4 m/s
(2) 23 m/s and 24.4 m/s
(3) 23 m/s and 20.6 m/s
(4) 18 m/s and 20.6 m/s
159. A solid cylinder of mass 2 kg and radius 50 cm rolls up an inclined plane of angle of inclination 30º. The centre of mass of the cylinder has speed of 4 m/s. The distance travelled by the cylinder on the inclined surface will be, [take g = 10 m/s2]
(1) 2.2 m
(2) 1.6 m
(3) 1.2 m
(4) 2.4 m
160. Two toroids 1 and 2 have total no. of turns 200 and 100 respectively with average radii 40 cm and 20 cm respectively. If they carry same current i, the ratio of the magnetic fields along the two loops is
(1) 1 : 1
(2) 4 : 1
(3) 2 : 1
(4) 1 : 2
161. A straight conductor carrying current I splits into two parts as shown in the figure. The radius of the circular loop is R. The total magnetic field at the centre P of the loop is,
(1) zero
(2) 3μ0i/32R, outward
(3) 3μ0i/32R, inward
(4) 
162. The variation of EMF with time for four types of generators are shown in the figures. Which amongst them can be called AC ?
(1) (a) and (b)
(2) (a), (b), (c), (d)
(3) (a) and (b)
(4) only (a)
163. The radius of the first permitted Bohr orbit, for the electron, in a hydrogen atom equals 0.51Å and its ground state energy equals −6 eV. If the electron in the hydrogen atom is replaced by muon (μ−) [charge same as electron and mass 207 me], the first Bohr radius and ground state energy will be
(1) 0.53 × 10−13 m, −3.6 eV
(2) 25.6 × 10−13 m, −2.8 eV
(3) 2.56 × 10−13 m, −2.8 eV
(4) 2.56 × 10−13 m, −13.6 eV
164. The reading of an ideal voltmeter in the circuit shown is
(1) 0.6 V
(2) 0 V
(3) 0.5 V
(4) 0.4 V
165. The metre bridge shown is in balance position with 
If we now interchange the positions of galvanometer and cell, will the bridge work ? If yes, what will be balance condition ?
(1) 
(2) no, no null point
(3) 
(4) 
166. The relations amongst the three elements of earth’s magnetic field, namely horizontal component H, vertical component V and dip δ are, (BE = total magnetic field)
(1) V = BE tan δ, H = BE
(2) V = BE sin δ, H = BE cos δ
(3) V = BE cos δ, H = BE sin δ
(4) V = BE , H = BE tan δ
167. The rate of radioactive disintegration at an instant for a radioactive sample of half life 2.2 × 109 s is 1010 s−1. The number of radioactive atoms in that sample at that instant is
(1) 3.17 × 1020
(2) 3.17 × 1017
(3) 3.17 × 1018
(4) 3.17 × 1019
168. The time period of a geostationary satellite is 24 h, at a height 6RE (RE is radius of earth) from surface of earth. The time period of another satellite whose height is 2.5 RE from surface will be :
(1) 6√2 h
(2) 12√2 h
(3) 
(4) 
169. A circuit when connected to an AC source of 12 V gives a current of 0.2A. The same circuit when connected to a DC source of 12 V, gives a current of 0.4 A. The circuit is :
(1) series LR
(2) series RC
(3) series LC
(4) series LCR
170. A cycle wheel of radius 0.5 m is rotated with constant angular velocity of 10 rad/s in a region of magnetic field of 0.1 T which is perpendicular to the plane of the wheel. The EMF generated between its centre and the rim is :
(1) 0.25 V
(2) 0.125 V
(3) 0.5 V
(4) zero
171. For a transparent medium, relative permeability and permittivity, μr and ∈r are 1.0 and 1.44 respectively. The velocity of light in this medium would be :
(1) 2.5 × 108
(2) 3 × 108
(3) 2.08 × 108 m/s
(4) 4.32 × 108 m/s
172. A sphere encloses an electric dipole with charges ±3 × 10−6 What is the total electric flux across the sphere?
(1) −3 × 10−6
(2) Zero
(3) 3 × 10−6 Nm2/C
(4) 6 × 10−6 Nm2/C
173. Two identical capacitors C1 and C2 of equal capacitance are connected as shown in the circuit. Terminals a and b of the key k are connected to charge capacitor C1 using battery of emf V volt. Now disconnecting a and b the terminals b and c are connected. Due to this, what will be the percentage loss of energy?
(1) 75%
(2) 0%
(3) 50%
(4) 25%
174. The main scale of a vermier calipers has n divisions/cm. n division of the vermier scale coincide with (n − 1) divisions of main scale. The least count of the vernier calipers is :
(1) 
(2) 
(3) 
(4) 
175. A person traveling in a straight line moves with a constant velocity v1 for certain distance ‘x’ and with a constant velocity v2 for next equal distance. The average velocity v is given by the relation :
(1) 
(2) 
(3) 
(4) 
176. Assuming that the gravitational potential energy of an object at infinity is zero, the change in potential energy (final − initial) of an object of mass m, when taken to a height h from the surface of earth (of radius R), is given by :
(1) 
(2) 
(3) mgh
(4) 
177. 1 g of water, of volume 1 cm3 at 100ºC, is converted into steam at same temperature under normal atmospheric pressure ≃1 × 105Pa . The volume of steam formed equals 1671 cm3. If the specific latent heat of vaporization of water is 2256 J/g, the change in internal energy is :
(1) 2423 J
(2) 2089 J
(3) 167 J
(4) 2256 J
178. Angular width of the central maximum in the Fraunhofer diffraction for λ = 6000 Å is θ0. When the same slit is illuminated by another monochromatic light, the angular width decreases by 30%. The wavelength of this light is
(1) 1800 Å
(2) 4200 Å
(3) 6000 Å
(4) 420 Å
179. The work function of a photosensitive material is 4.0 eV. The longest wavelength of light that can cause photon emission from the substance is (approximately)
(1) 3100 nm
(2) 966 nm
(3) 31 nm
(4) 310 nm
180. A proton and an α-particle are accelerated from rest to the same energy. The die Broglie wavelength λp and λα are in the ratio :
(1) 2 : 1
(2) 1 : 1
(3) √2 : 1
(4) 4 : 1
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