PART 4: BIOLOGY (50 Questions)

BOTANY

Unit 1: Taxonomy of Angiosperm

Types of classications – Articial, Natural,  Phylogenetic – Biosystematics – Binomial  Nomenclature – Herbaria and their uses- Bentham and  Hook er’s classification of plants – Families  Malvaceae,Solanaceae – Euphorbiaceae, Musaceae and  Economic Importance.

Unit 2: Plant Anatomy

Tissues and Tissue System – anatomy of monocot and dicot  roots – anatomy of Monocot and dicot stem and anatomy of  dicot leaf.

Unit 3: Cell Biology and Genetics

Chromosomes – Structure and types – genes recombination  of chromosomes mutation – chromosomal aberration – DNA as genetic material – Structure of DNA – replication of  DNA – Structure of RNA and its type.

Unit 4: Biotechnology

Recombinant DNA Technology – Transgenic plants with  beneficial traits – plant tissue culture and its application –  Protoplasmic fusion .

Unit 5: Plant Physiology

Photosynthesis – Significance – site of photosynthesis –  photochemical and biosynthetic phases – electron transport  system – cyclic and non cyclic photophosphorylation – C3  and C4 pathway – photorespiration – factor affecting  photosynthesis – fermentation – plant growth – growth  regulators – phytohormones – auxin – gibberellins –  cytokinins – ethylene.

Unit 6: Biology in Human Welfare

Food production – breeding experiments – improved varieties  and role of biofertilizer – crop diseases and their control – biopesticides – genetically modified food – sustained  agriculture and medicinal plants including microbes.

ZOOLOGY

Unit I: Human Physiology

Nutrition – introduction – carbohydrates – proteins – lipids –  vitamins mineral – water – Balanced diet – calorie value –  (ICBM standard ) obesity – Hyperglycemia – hypoglycemia –  malnutrition. Digestion – enzymes and enzyme action –  Bones and Joints (Major types) – Arthritis – Rickets and  Osteomalacia – Gout.

Muscles – muscle action – muscle tone – Rigor Mortis –  aerobic exercises (body building) myasthenia gravis.

Respiration – Process of pulmonary respiration – inspiration  Expiration – Exchange of gases at alveolar level – Circulation  – Functioning of heart origin and conduction of heart beat –  Artificial pacemaker – coronary blood vessels and its  significance – myocardial infarction – Angina pectoria –  Atherosclerosis – heart attack – Resuscitation in heart attack  (First aid) Blood  components-functions-plasma-corpuscles-blood  clotting-anticoagulants-Thrombosis-embolism-blood related  diseases like polycythemia-Leukemia-Lymph uid.

Physiological Co ordination System: Brain-functioning of different regions-memory-sleep-stroke-  Alzheimer’s disease-meningitis-Thyroid-parathyroid  hormones-insulin and glucagon-Hormones of adrenal cortex  and medulla-Reproductive hormones-problems related to  secretion, non secretion of hormones.

Receptor Organs: Eye-Focussing mechanism and photo chemistry of  retina-short sightedness-Nyctalopia-Eye  infection-conjunctivitis-Glaucoma-Ear-Hearing  mechanism-Hearing impairments and aids – Noise pollution  and its importance-skin-melanin functions – Effect of solar  radiation / UV Excretion: Ureotelism-urea-Biosynthesis(ornithine cycle) Nephron-ultraltration-tubular reabsorption and tubular
secretion-Renal failure-Dialysis kidney stone formation  kidney transplantation-Diabetes.

Reproductive System: Brief account of spermatogenesis and oogenesis-menstrual  cycle-in vitro fertilization-Birth control

Unit 2: Microbiology

Introduction-History of medical microbiology-The influence  of  Pasteur, Koch and Lister-Virology-structure Genetics  culture and diseases-AIDS and its  control-Bacteriology-structure, Genetics and  diseases-protozoan microbiology-Diseases  oriented-pathogenecity of micro organism-anti microbial  resistance chemotherapy. Single cell protein. Microbial  culture technique and its applications – Strain Isolation and  Improvement – Isolation of microbial products.

Unit 3: Immunology

Innate immunity (Non specific) – anatomical  Barriers-Physiological barriers-phagocytic barriers  Lymphoidal organs-Thymus- Bursa of fabricius-Peripheral  Lymphoid organs-Lymph nodes-Transplantation  immunology-Autoimmune disorders.

Unit 4: Modern Genetics and Animal Biotechnology

Introduction-scope-Human Genetics Karyotyping  Chromosome gene mapping-Recombinant DNA technology  and segmenting-genetic diseases-Human genome  project-cloning-Transgenic organisms-Genetically modified  organism(GMO)-Gene therapy-Animal cell culture and its  applications-Stem cell technology-Bioethics of  genetic engineering in animals.

Unit 5: Environmental Science

Human population and explosion-issue-Global  Warming Crisis-Green house effect-Ozone layer  depletion-waste management-Biodiversity
conservation (Biosphere reserve)

Unit 6: Applied Biology

Livestock and management-Breeds-Farming  method-poultry diseases-Economic value  Pisciculture-fish farming-Edible fishes of Tamil Nadu.

Unit 7: Theories of Evolution

Lamarckism-Darwinism-Modern concept of  natural selection-species of concept-origin of  species and isolating mechanism.

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