State Level National Means-cum-Merit Scholarship Exam-2011 Class-VIII
Part-I
General Mental Ability Test
Directions-(Q. 1-10) In these question here are four terms in each question. The terms to the right of the symbol : : have the same relationship as the terms to the left of the symbol : : Out of the four terms one term is missing which is one of the alternatives given below. Find out the correct alternative and write its letter against the corresponding question on your answer sheet.
1. Stealing : Sin : : Donation : ?
(A) Rich
(B) Poor
(C) Holy work
(D) Donar
2. Hunger : Food : : Thirst : ?
(A) Milk
(B) River
(C) Ocean
(D) Water
3. Knowledge : Ignorance : : Literate : ?
(A) Education
(B) Illiterate
(C) Book
(D) School
4. Mountain : Stone : : Desert : ?
(A) Sand
(B) Camel
(C) Date
(D) Tree
5. Foot : Shoe : : Head : ?
(A) Body
(B) Dress
(C) Cap
(D) Hair
6. Action : Cause : : Suffering : ?
(A) Result
(B) Life
(C) Doctor
(D) Disease
7. Where : When : : Place : ?
(A) Direction
(B) Time
(C) Movement
(D) Difference
8. Week : Day : : Year : ?
(A) Month
(B) Tuesday
(C) September
(D) August
9. Child : Man : : Plant : ?
(A) Fruit
(B) Forest
(C) Leaf
(D) Tree
10. Feet : Walking : : Brain : ?
(A) Attraction
(B) Liking
(C) Thinking
(D) Reading
Directions-(Q. 11-20) These questions are based on letters series. In each question some letters are missing shown by (−). The missing letters are given in a proper sequence as one of the four alternatives given under each question. Find out the correct alternative and write its letter against corresponding question number on your answer sheet.
11. – aabb – a – ab − b
(A) b a a b
(B) b a b a
(C) a b b a
(D) a b a b
12. a – b aa – aa − ab
(A) a b b a
(B) a a a a
(C) b a a a
(D) b b b b
13. ab – aa – bbb – aaa − bbba
(A) a a a b
(B) a b a b
(C) b a a b
(D) a b b a
14. aa – aaa – aaaa – aaaa − b
(A) b b b b
(B) b b b a
(C) b b a a
(D) b a a a
15. − − aba – − b
(A) b b a b
(B) b a b a
(C) a b b b
(D) a b b a
16. KJ, MLK, ONM, ?, SRQ, UTS
(A) PQR
(B) QOP
(C) QPO
(D) ONP
17. a – bbc – aab − cca
(A) a c b
(B) b c a
(C) c a b
(D) b a c
18. DEF, HIJ, MNO, ?
(A) RST
(B) RTV
(C) STU
(D) TUV
19. a – ba – cbaac − a
(A) b a c
(B) b c a
(C) a c b
(D) c a b
20. AZ, BY, CX, DW, ?
(A) EV
(B) VE
(C) EU
(D) FW
Directions-(Q. 21-30) These questions are based on number series. One term is missing in each series and indicated by question mark (?) find out the missing term out of the four alternations given below and write its letter against the correct question number on your answer sheet.
21. 1, 2, 4, 7, 11, 16, ?
(A) 20
(B) 23
(C) 22
(D) 21
22. 49, 48, 46, 43, 39, ?
(A) 44
(B) 42
(C) 35
(D) 34
23. 1, 4, 9, 16, 25, ?
(A) 34
(B) 36
(C) 32
(D) 18
24. 19, 18, 20, 19, 21, 20, ?
(A) 22
(B) 19
(C) 23
(D) 18
25. 0, 1, 8, 64, 125, ?
(A) 189
(B) 180
(C) 198
(D) 216
26. 2, 3, 6, 11, ? , 27
(A) 18
(B) 19
(C) 16
(D) 17
27. 6, 9, 18, 21, 42, 45, ?
(A) 98
(B) 90
(C) 93
(D) 96
28. 15, 17, 14, 18, 13, ? , 12
(A) 19
(B) 20
(C) 22
(D) 21
29. 2, 5, 9, 8, 11, 15, 14, 17, 21, ?
(A) 27
(B) 25
(C) 23
(D) 20
30. 1, 7, 3, 14, 6, 21, 10, 28, ?
(A) 15
(B) 14
(C) 16
(D) 10
Directions-(Q. 31-40) In these questions each question has four terms. Three terms are alike in some way. One term is different from others. Write the letter of the different term against the corresponding question number on your answer sheet.
31.
(A) POLISH
(B) SUFFER
(C) MATTER
(D) ATTIRE
32.
(A) RLTK
(B) CTES
(C) PVRU
(D) VDZC
33.
(A) HSRI
(B) FSGR
(C) EWVF
(D) WDCX
34.
(A) IJKL
(B) APQR
(C) OTQP
(D) EKLM
35.
(A) N
(B) O
(C) P
(D) Q
36.
(A) ABCD
(B) EFGH
(C) I J K L
(D) OPST
37.
(A) PQRS
(B) BCBC
(C) WXWX
(D) HNHN
38.
(A) UUXW
(B) CCDE
(C) QRSS
(D) LLMN
39.
(A) CXYZ
(B) DPQR
(C) CFGH
(D) CLMN
40.
(A) SPHS
(B) SMCS
(C) TBMI
(D) SLPS
Directions-(Q. 41-50) Read the following questions carefully. On the basis of given details choose the correct alternative of questions and write letter of correct alternative against corresponding question number on your answer sheet.
41. A book contains 400 pages. What will be the number of page number 96, if counting is made from the last page of the book.
(A) 304
(B) 305
(C) 306
(D) 302
42. If the price of Guava is just half in comparison to the price of Pomegranate and the price of Pomegranate is just double of price the bananas, then what will be the price of 6 Guava if the price of dozen bananas is ten rupees?
(A) 5 Rupees
(B) 4 Rupees
(C) 6 Rupees
(D) 10 Rupees
43. If a rope is to be cut is six equal parts. What will be the maximum number of pieces?
(A) 1
(B) 6
(C) 5
(D) 3
44. There are 8 boxes full of oranges and their weight is 400 kilogram. If the weight of each empty box is 10 kilogram then the weight of oranges will be-
(A) 480 kilogram
(B) 80 kilogram
(C) 400 kilogram
(D) 320 kilogram
45. The door of a house is in the north. Entering the door there is a room towards the right hand. After entering the room there is a window towards the right hand. What will be the direction of my face, if I am standing facing towards the window?
(A) North
(B) South
(C) East
(D) West
46. My house is one kilometer south from school and my friend’s house is one kilometer in the east from my house. What will be the direction of my friend’s house from the school?
(A) East
(B) South
(C) South East
(D) North West
47. To see the time in a watch, Mohan misunderstood the minute needle as hour needle and hour needle as minute needle. In this way he found two and a half minute to 6 O’Clock. What was the correct time?
(A) 11 Past 30 minutes
(B) 12 Past 30 minutes
(C) 10 Past 30 minutes
(D) 2 Past 30 minutes
48. Anurag is elder to Hemant. Sanjay is younger to Somesh, but Anurag is older to Sanjay. Who is the youngest?
(A) Anurag
(B) Somesh
(C) Hemant
(D) Sanjay
49. Alok moves 40 km in north direction then he turns to right and moves 50 km. After this he turns to right and moves 30 km. Again he turns to right and moves 50 km. How far is he from the starting point?
(A) 10 kilometre
(B) 20 kilometre
(C) 30 kilometre
(D) 40 kilometre
50. A man moves 3 km towards East then moves 5 km toward South and finally 9 km towards North. How far is he from the starting point?
(A) 3 kilometre
(B) 4 kilometre
(C) 5 kilometre
(D) 6 kilometre
Directions-(Q. 51-60) In these questions there equations that have become wrong due to incorrect order of sings. Choose the correct order of sings from the four alternatives given below, so that the equations become correct. Write it on your answer sheet against the corresponding question number.
51. 12 × 12 + 8 = 3
(A) + = ×
(B) × = +
(C) = + ×
(D) + × =
52. 5 + 9 = 4 – 8
(A) + – =
(B) = + –
(C) = – +
(D) – + =
53. 4 ÷ 8 = 2 × 4
(A) ÷ × =
(B) = ÷×
(C) = × ÷
(D) × = ÷
54. 25 – 2 = 75 × 25
(A) = × –
(B) – × =
(C) – = ×
(D) – × =
55. 66 = 27 × 13 – 3
(A) = – ×
(B) × = –
(C) × = +
(D) + × =
56. 29 × 27 + 8 = 7
(A) + = ×
(B) = × +
(C) × = +
(D) + × =
57. 15 = 8 + 23 – 8 × 0
(A) + × = –
(B) – + × =
(C) – + = ×
(D) + – = ×
58. 81 – 9 ÷ 12 = 3
(A) ÷ – =
(B) ÷ = –
(C) = ÷ –
(D) = – ÷
59. 7 = 6 + 5 + 18
(A) + = +
(B) – + =
(C) + + =
(D) = – +
60. 61 = 16 +77
(A) + =
(B) – +
(C) + +
(D) + –
61. If in a code language BRASS is written as 63516 and RISK is written as 6147. What will be the code SIR in the same language?
(A) 631
(B) 315
(C) 536
(D) 617
62. If in a code language BEST is written CFTU. What will be code of GATE in same language?
(A) HBUF
(B) HIUF
(C) BUFT
(D) HUBF
63. If in a code language SYSTEM is written as SYSMET and NEARER is written as AFNRER then FRACTION will be written as-
(A) ARFITOON
(B) CARFNOIT
(C) ARFITCNO
(D) NOITCARF
64. If in a code language SCIENCE is written as UFMJTJM. What will be the code of GENE in same language?
(A) H G Q I
(B) I H R J
(C) I H R I
(D) I H S J
65. If in a code language PATIENCE is written as QBUJFODF. What will be the code of COOLER?
(A) PPMES
(B) DPPMFS
(C) DPMMFS
(D) PDMNFS
Directions-(Q. 66-70) In these questions number are placed in the figure on the basis of some rules. One place is vacant which is indicated as (?). Find out the correct alternative to replace the question mark (?) and write its letter against the proper question number on your answer sheet.
66.
(A) 2
(B) 21
(C) 17
(D) 8
67. 
(A) 28
(B) 30
(C) 15
(D) 60
68. 
(A) 50
(B) 52
(C) 54
(D) 56
69. 
(A) 8
(B) 16
(C) 32
(D) 2
70. 
(A) 35
(B) 45
(C) 55
(D) 65
Directions-(Q. 71-75) These questions are based on the following figure. Triangle represents literate person, circle represents women and square represents sports persons. See the picture carefully and find out the correct alternative and write its number on your answer sheet.
71. How many persons are literate?
(A) 5
(B) 17
(C) 3
(D) 8
72. How many women are literate?
(A) 6
(B) 4
(C) 19
(D) 9
73. How many sport women are there ?
(A) 4
(B) 2
(C) 13
(D) 9
74. How many persons are literate but not women?
(A) 9
(B) 8
(C) 12
(D) 17
75. How many sports women are not literate?
(A) 6
(B) 10
(C) 4
(D) 19
Directions-(Q. 76-84) In these questions are four figures in each questions. The figures on the right to the symbol : : have the some relationship as the two figures on the left of the symbol : : Out of the four figures on figure is missing which is one of the four alternatives given in Answer figure. Find out the correct alternative and write its number against the corresponding question on your answer sheet.
76. 
77. 
78. 
79. 
80. 
81. 
82. 
83. 
84. 
Directions-(Q. 85-90) In these questions each question has four figures, three figures are alike in some way. One figure is different from others. Find out the different figures letter and write it against the corresponding question number on your answer sheet.
85. 
86. 
87. 
88. 
89. 
90. 
Part-II
Scholastic Aptitude Test
(A) Science
91. Mercury is the ideal liquid for making thermometer because-
(A) It does not stick to glass and is easily visible
(B) Expands on heating
(C) Its boiling point is high
(D) All the above
92. The umbra is seen-
(A) Inside the penumbra
(B) Outside the penumbra
(C) Away from the penumbra
(D) None of the above
93. The speed of sound depend upon-
(A) Elasticity of the medium
(B) Temperature
(C) Density of the medium
(D) All the above
94. The pressure exerted on the area of 0.25 m2 by 25000 Newton force will be-
(A) 10000 N/m2
(B) 10000 N/m2
(C) 1000000 N/m2
(D) 6250 N/m2
95. The element used in making a solar cell is-
(A) Boron
(B) Silver
(C) Silicon
(D) Copper
96. The chemical formula of potassium permanganate is-
(A) KKNO4
(B) KMnO4
(C) K2MnO4
(D) K4MnO4
97. To remove temporary hardness of water by Clark method the substance used is-
(A) Lime
(B) Washing Soda
(C) Zeolite
(D) Caustic Soda
98. The coal gas is-
(A) H2 + CO + C2H5OH + C6H6
(B) H2 + CO2 + CCl4 + C6H6
(C) H2 + CO + CH4 + C2H4 + C2H2
(D) H2 + CO2 + CH3OH + C2H4 + C2H2
99. The soil used in ceramic industry is-
(A) Clay
(B) Loaming soil
(C) Sandy soil
(D) Silt
100. Which of the following steps is different?
(A) Calcination
(B) Roasting
(C) Concentration
(D) Corossion
101. Which metal is related to Kollar mine?
(A) Silver
(B) Gold
(C) Aluminium
(D) Iron
102. Electric Fuse holders are made of-
(A) Polythene
(B) Clay
(C) China Clay
(D) Bakellite
103. Which part of Mulethi plant is used in Respiratory diseases?
(A) Fruit
(B) Stem
(C) Flower
(D) Root
104. Protein present in milk is-
(A) Lactogen
(B) Casein
(C) Myosin
(D) Actin
105. Which part of the plant is related to root cap?
(A) Root
(B) Bud
(C) Seed
(D) Stem
106. Full name of A.T.P. is-
(A) Ammonium Triphosphate
(B) Adenine Tetraphosphate
(C) Adenosine Triphosphate
(D) None of the above
107. The tail of a Neuron cell is called-
(A) Cyton
(B) Axon
(C) Dendron
(D) Tendon
108. Which Tissues of the plant carry food from the leaves to other parts?
(A) Collenchyma
(B) Xylem
(C) Sclerenchyma
(D) Phloem
109. Though fats produce more energy than carbohydrates, patients are given a solution containing carbohydrates not the fat. The reason is-
(A) Fats released energy much slower than carbohydrates
(B) Carbohydrates are good in taste
(C) Fats are not easily digestible
(D) Fats are insoluble in water
110. Hyperlink is used in-
(A) To open Internet
(B) To link one page with another
(C) To give password
(D) To open windows
111. Internet explorer is-
(A) Website
(B) I.S.P.
(C) Hardware
(D) Browser
112. Fuse wire is made of-
(A) Sn + Pb
(B) Sn + Fe
(C) Sn + Cu
(D) Cu + Zn
113. A magnetic material loses its magnetic property when it is-
(A) Dipped in water
(B) Kept in sunlight
(C) Heated strongly
(D) Kept in electric field
114. When an object is placed on the focal length of a convex lens, the nature of the image formed is-
(A) Real, inverted and equal
(B) Real, erect and enlarged
(C) Real, inverted and much enlarged
(D) Real, inverted and diminished
115. Quantity of heat (Q) = ………….
(A) mass × specific heat × change in temperature
(B) mass × change in temperature × density
(C) mass × volume × relative density
(D) mass × heat capacity × change in temperature
116. The part of an electric bulb which is made of Tungsten metal in this picture is-
(A) D
(B) B
(C) C
(D) A
117. Diamond is soluble in-
(A) Petrol
(B) Alcohol
(C) Water
(D) None of these
118. When an acid is added to water slowly, then-
(A) Heat is absorbed
(B) No change in heat occurs
(C) Heat is produced
(D) Nothing happens
119. At what temperature the density of water is maximum ?
(A) 4°C
(B) 0°C
(C) 100°C
(D) 37°C
120. The cloth made from cotton and synthetic fibres is known as-
(A) Rayon
(B) Terilene
(C) Tericot
(D) Polyester
121. Copper glance ore is-
(A) Carbonate ore
(B) Sulphide ore
(C) Oxide ore
(D) Halide ore
122. Plasma contains water around-
(A) 30%
(B) 60%
(C) 90%
(D) 40%
123. The origin of species through natural selection theory was proposed by-
(A) Hugo de-Vries
(B) Malthus
(C) Lamarck
(D) Darwin
124. The reproductive cells of parents produce-
(A) Ovum
(B) Gamete
(C) Testis
(D) Zygote
125. Select the air borne disease from the following-
(A) Penumonia
(B) Tuberculosis
(C) Diphtheria
(D) Above all
(B) Social Science
126. The most significant achievement of the Neolithic age was-
(A) Manufacture of useful tools
(B) Invention of wheels
(C) Beginning of community life
(D) Domestication of animal
127. Harappa was discovered by-
(A) Sir John Marshall
(B) Martimer Wheeler
(C) Roy Bahadur Dayaram Sahani
(D) Dr. S. R. Rav
128. Mahavir Swami was born at-
(A) Pawa
(B) Kundagram
(C) Lumbini
(D) Rajgriha
129. Which religion believes in Triratan?
(A) Buddhism
(B) Vaishnavism
(C) Shaivism
(D) Shaktism
130. Who is the founder of Din-e-Ilahi?
(A) Humayun
(B) Mohd. Gaznavi
(C) Shershah Suri
(D) Akbar
131. The battle of Plassey was fought in-
(A) 1757 A.D.
(B) 1760 A.D.
(C) 1764 A.D.
(D) 1770 A.D.
132. Of which state, Tipu Sultan was ruler-
(A) Mysore
(B) Hyderabad
(C) Ahmedabad
(D) Khanpur
133. Who was the founder of Brahma Samaj?
(A) Raja Ram Mohan Roy
(B) Keshav Chandra Sen
(C) Mahadev Govind Ranadey
(D) Swami Dayanand
134. The first state to sign a Subsidiary Allia was-
(A) Awadh
(B) Hyderabad
(C) Mysore
(D) Satara
135. The first Railway line was opened in India between-
(A) Howrah and Serampur
(B) Bombay and Thane
(C) Madras and Guntur
(D) Delhi and Agra
136. The Salt Satyagrah began from-
(A) Sabarmati
(B) Calcutta
(C) Bardoli
(D) Lahore
137. Abhinav-Bharat was organized by-
(A) Arvind Ghosh
(B) Vein Chandra Pal
(C) Ras Behari Bose
(D) V. D. Savarkar
138. Who was the first Viceroy of India?
(A) Lord Curzon
(B) Lord Canning
(C) Clive
(D) William Bentic
139. The only active volcano in India is-
(A) Etna
(B) Vesuvius
(C) Barren Island
(D) Stromboli
140. What is the percentage of India’s population to the World Population?
(A) 6
(B) 16.7
(C) 26
(D) 36
141. Light from the sun reaches us in nearly-
(A) Two minutes
(B) Three minutes
(C) Eight minutes
(D) Sixteen minutes
142. Which city of India has the largest population?
(A) Kolkata
(B) Chennai
(C) Mumbai
(D) Delhi
143. Which state of India has the highest coal reserve with it?
(A) Chhattisgarh
(B) Orissa
(C) Bihar
(D) Jharkhand
144. World Population day is-
(A) October 15
(B) July 11
(C) August 11
(D) June 5
145. ‘Bishu’ is the folk dance of which state?
(A) Uttar Pradesh
(B) Assam
(C) West Bengal
(D) Maharashtra
146. The father of Green Revolution in India is-
(A) Prakash Chandra
(B) Abdul Kalam
(C) M. S. Swaminathan
(D) Birbal Sahani
147. Which continent has the highest population density?
(A) Asia
(B) Europe
(C) Africa
(D) South America
148. Which state is known as ‘Silicon state of India’ ?
(A) Karnataka
(B) Andhra Pradesh
(C) Uttar Pradesh
(D) Kerala
149. Who was called the father of Atomic Energy of India?
(A) Homi J. Bhabha
(B) Dr. K. S. Krishna
(C) Prof. Satish Dhawan
(D) None of the above
150. Which is called ‘Plastic Money’?
(A) Paper currency
(B) Credit card
(C) Discount coupon
(D) Shares
151. The Headquarter of World Trade Organization is in-
(A) Montreal
(B) Seatle
(C) Geneva
(D) Rome
152. In which city the first atomic bomb was exploded ?
(A) Hiroshima
(B) Kabul
(C) Lisbon
(D) Rome
153. What is the minimum age requirement to become the Prime Minister of India?
(A) 21 years
(B) 25 years
(C) 30 years
(D) 35 years
154. Under the Indian Constitution who is the Guardian of the fundamental right?
(A) Parliament
(B) President
(C) Cabinet
(D) Supreme Court
155. The election to Panchayat are to be held in-
(A) Every four years
(B) Every five years
(C) Every six years
(D) At the Government discretion
156. The ex-officio chairman of planning commission is-
(A) President
(B) Finance Minister
(C) Vice-President
(D) Prime-Minister
157. The Chief Election Commissioner of India is appointed by-
(A) Lok Sabha
(B) Prime Minister
(C) President
(D) Chief Justice
158. How many states are there in India?
(A) 25
(B) 27
(C) 28
(D) 29
159. Who’s thought is known as Panchsheel ?
(A) A. P. J. Abdul Kalam
(B) Jawaharlal Nehru
(C) Indira Gandhi
(D) B. R. Ambedkar
160. Which of President of India is called the “Missile Man” ?
(A) Dr. Radha Krishnan
(B) Dr. A. P. J. Abdul Kalam
(C) Dr. Shankar Dayal Sharma
(D) None of the above
(C) Mathematics
161. The value of 
will be-
(A) 2
(B) 0
(C) 1
(D) −1
162. If 50% of (x – y) = 30% of (x + y), then percentage of y/x will be-
(A) 25%
(B) 30%
(C) 15%
(D) 10%
163. A boy is 25 years younger than his father. Three years ago the boy’s age was one sixth the age of his father, then the present age of the boy will be-
(A) 10 years
(B) 6 years
(C) 8 years
(D) 4 years
164. Expression 461 + 462 + 463 + 464 will be divisible by-
(A) 3
(B) 10
(C) 11
(D) 13
165. If 4x – 4x – 1 = 24. Then the value of (2x)x will be-
(A) 55/2
(B) 51/3
(C) 41/2
(D) 61/2
166. The value of the following will be-
(A) 4
(B) 6
(C) 8
(D) 10
167. If the area of a triangle with base x is equal to the area of a square with side x, then the altitude of triangle will be-
(A) x/2
(B) x
(C) 2x
(D) 3x
168. The value of expression 
will be-
(A) 
(B) 
(C) 
(D) 
169. In a rhombus ABCD, the diagonals intersects at O, if AB = 10 cm, diagonal BD = 16 cm, then the length of the diagonal AC will be-
(A) 12 cm
(B) 16 cm
(C) 8 cm
(D) 6 cm
170. In the figure, O is centre of a circle. If ∠ADC = 140°, the ∠BAC will be-
(A) 40°
(B) 50°
(C) 90°
(D) 70°
171. The value of a machine depreciates every year by 15%. If its present value is Rs. 50,000, then after a year the value of machine will be-
(A) Rs. 40,000
(B) Rs. 42,000
(C) Rs. 42,500
(D) Rs. 43,000
172. If 
then the value of x will be-
(A) 1
(B) 13
(C) 27
(D) None of these
173. Mean of 12 observations was found to be 18. Later on, it was detected that an observation 62 was misread as 26, then the correct mean of the observation will be-
(A) 28
(B) 31
(C) 33
(D) 36
174. If A and B are two sets. Then the value of A ⋃ (A ⋂ B) will be-
(A) A
(B) B
(C) A ⋃ B
(D) A – B
175. The least common multiple of two numbers is 28 times their highest common factor. The difference of least common multiple and highest common factor of these numbers is 810. If one number is 120, then the other number will be-
(A) 420
(B) 210
(C) 120
(D) 810
176. A ludo dice is rolled. The Probability that the number of dots less than 5 will be-
(A) 5/6
(B) 2/3
(C) 1/3
(D) 1/6
177. The ratio of bus and train fares from Calcutta to a certain place is 3 : 4, if the train fare increases by 20% and bus fare by 10%, then new ratio of bus and train fare will be-
(A) 12 : 16
(B) 16 : 11
(C) 4 : 3
(D) 11 : 16
178. The value of 
expression n will be-
(A) n + m
(B) m
(C) n + m + 1
(D) None of these
179. The price of a Maruti car rises by 30%, while the sales of the car goes down by 20%. The percentage change in the total revenue will be-
(A) 5%
(B) 4%
(C) 6%
(D) 10%
180. Sohan walks at 4/5 of his usual speed and reaches his school 4 minutes late. The usual time taken by him to reach his school will be-
(A) 16 minutes
(B) 12 minutes
(C) 15 minutes
(D) 20 minutes