PART 4: BIOLOGY (50 Questions)
BOTANY
Unit 1: Taxonomy of Angiosperm
Types of classi cations – Arti cial, Natural, Phylogenetic – Biosystematics – Binomial Nomenclature – Herbaria and their uses- Bentham and Hook er’s classi fication of plants – Families Malvaceae,Solanaceae – Euphorbiaceae, Musaceae and Economic Importance.
Unit 2: Plant Anatomy
Tissues and Tissue System – anatomy of monocot and dicot roots – anatomy of Monocot and dicot stem and anatomy of dicot leaf.
Unit 3: Cell Biology and Genetics
Chromosomes – Structure and types – genes recombination of chromosomes mutation – chromosomal aberration – DNA as genetic material – Structure of DNA – replication of DNA – Structure of RNA and its type.
Unit 4: Biotechnology
Recombinant DNA Technology – Transgenic plants with bene ficial traits – plant tissue culture and its application – Protoplasmic fusion .
Unit 5: Plant Physiology
Photosynthesis – Signifi cance – site of photosynthesis – photochemical and biosynthetic phases – electron transport system – cyclic and non cyclic photophosphorylation – C3 and C4 pathway – photorespiration – factor affecting photosynthesis – fermentation – plant growth – growth regulators – phytohormones – auxin – gibberellins – cytokinins – ethylene.
Unit 6: Biology in Human Welfare
Food production – breeding experiments – improved varieties and role of biofertilizer – crop diseases and their control – biopesticides – genetically modifi ed food – sustained agriculture and medicinal plants including microbes.
ZOOLOGY
Unit I: Human Physiology
Nutrition – introduction – carbohydrates – proteins – lipids – vitamins mineral – water – Balanced diet – calorie value – (ICBM standard ) obesity – Hyperglycemia – hypoglycemia – malnutrition. Digestion – enzymes and enzyme action – Bones and Joints (Major types) – Arthritis – Rickets and Osteomalacia – Gout.
Muscles – muscle action – muscle tone – Rigor Mortis – aerobic exercises (body building) myasthenia gravis.
Respiration – Process of pulmonary respiration – inspiration Expiration – Exchange of gases at alveolar level – Circulation – Functioning of heart origin and conduction of heart beat – Artifi cial pacemaker – coronary blood vessels and its signi ficance – myocardial infarction – Angina pectoria – Atherosclerosis – heart attack – Resuscitation in heart attack (First aid) Blood components-functions-plasma-corpuscles-blood clotting-anticoagulants-Thrombosis-embolism-blood related diseases like polycythemia-Leukemia-Lymph uid.
Physiological Co ordination System: Brain-functioning of different regions-memory-sleep-stroke- Alzheimer’s disease-meningitis-Thyroid-parathyroid hormones-insulin and glucagon-Hormones of adrenal cortex and medulla-Reproductive hormones-problems related to secretion, non secretion of hormones.
Receptor Organs: Eye-Focussing mechanism and photo chemistry of retina-short sightedness-Nyctalopia-Eye infection-conjunctivitis-Glaucoma-Ear-Hearing mechanism-Hearing impairments and aids – Noise pollution and its importance-skin-melanin functions – Effect of solar radiation / UV Excretion: Ureotelism-urea-Biosynthesis(ornithine cycle) Nephron-ultra ltration-tubular reabsorption and tubular
secretion-Renal failure-Dialysis kidney stone formation kidney transplantation-Diabetes.
Reproductive System: Brief account of spermatogenesis and oogenesis-menstrual cycle-in vitro fertilization-Birth control
Unit 2: Microbiology
Introduction-History of medical microbiology-The infl uence of Pasteur, Koch and Lister-Virology-structure Genetics culture and diseases-AIDS and its control-Bacteriology-structure, Genetics and diseases-protozoan microbiology-Diseases oriented-pathogenecity of micro organism-anti microbial resistance chemotherapy. Single cell protein. Microbial culture technique and its applications – Strain Isolation and Improvement – Isolation of microbial products.
Unit 3: Immunology
Innate immunity (Non specifi c) – anatomical Barriers-Physiological barriers-phagocytic barriers Lymphoidal organs-Thymus- Bursa of fabricius-Peripheral Lymphoid organs-Lymph nodes-Transplantation immunology-Autoimmune disorders.
Unit 4: Modern Genetics and Animal Biotechnology
Introduction-scope-Human Genetics Karyotyping Chromosome gene mapping-Recombinant DNA technology and segmenting-genetic diseases-Human genome project-cloning-Transgenic organisms-Genetically modifi ed organism(GMO)-Gene therapy-Animal cell culture and its applications-Stem cell technology-Bioethics of genetic engineering in animals.
Unit 5: Environmental Science
Human population and explosion-issue-Global Warming Crisis-Green house effect-Ozone layer depletion-waste management-Biodiversity
conservation (Biosphere reserve)
Unit 6: Applied Biology
Livestock and management-Breeds-Farming method-poultry diseases-Economic value Pisciculture- fish farming-Edible fishes of Tamil Nadu.
Unit 7: Theories of Evolution
Lamarckism-Darwinism-Modern concept of natural selection-species of concept-origin of species and isolating mechanism.