LINGUISTICS
PAPER – II
Note : This paper contains hundred (100) objective type questions of two (2) marks each. All questions are compulsory.
1. A graphic symbol that represents an idea or concept, independent of any particular language and specific words or phrases, is called :
(1) An ideograph
(2) A logograph
(3) A sonograph
(4) A monograph
2. The relations that hold between elements that are combined with each other are called :
(1) Paradigmatic relations
(2) Classical relations
(3) Syntagmatic relations
(4) Genetic relations
3. Assertion (I) : To many linguists the ultimate aim of linguistics is to understand how language itself is structured and how it functions.
Assertion (II) : The study of language is ultimately the study of the human mind.
Code :
(1) (I) is correct, (II) is wrong.
(2) (I) is wrong, (II) is correct.
(3) Both (I) and (II) are wrong.
(4) Both (I) and (II) are correct.
4. In linguistic theory, the speaker, in a completely homogeneous speech community, who knows his/her language perfectly and is unaffected by grammatically irrelevant conditions such as memory limitations, distractions etc, is known as :
(1) Native speaker
(2) Mother-tongue hearer
(3) Ideal native speaker-hearer
(4) Modern speaker-hearer
5. Match the following List-I with List-II and select the correct answer using the code given below :
6. The defining property of human language that refers to the extent to which the use of a signal and the behaviour it evokes are directly linked, is known as :
(1) Specialisation
(2) Interchangeability
(3) Displacement
(4) Prevarication
7. Language system shared by a community of speakers is known as :
(1) Competence
(2) Communicative competence
(3) Interlanguage
(4) Langue
8. The number of components, types of rules, ordering conventions, types of transformations and so on comprise :
(1) Substantive Universals
(2) Formal Universals
(3) Statistical Universals
(4) Relative Universals
9. Which of the following sentences has a subordinating conjunction in it ?
(1) The hand that rocks the cradle rules the world.
(2) The man was sad but he still smiled.
(3) The cat loved to run around and play with other cats.
(4) It is good to study for exams at the end or to prepare for the exams before hand.
10. In the sentence ‘Cats love toys’, ‘toys’ can be substituted syntactically by words like ‘mice’ ‘boys’, ‘plants’, etc. The relationship of the words ‘toys’, ’mice’, ’boys’, ‘plants’, etc is :
(1) etic
(2) emic
(3) syntagmatic
(4) paradigmatic
11. Assertion (I) : An ‘emic’ approach takes full account of functional relationships, setting up a closed system of abstract contrastive units as the basis of a description.
Assertion (II) : An ‘etic’ approach is one where the physical patterns of language are described with a minimum of reference to their function within the language system.
Code :
(1) Both (I) and (II) are correct.
(2) (I) is correct and (II) is wrong.
(3) (II) is correct and (I) is wrong.
(4) Both (I) and (II) are wrong.
12. __________ is a system for representing propositions or sentences or statements in formal notation, with a set of semantic or deductive rules used for proving examples of logical consequence, logical truth, etc.
(1) Atomic proposition
(2) Propositional calculus
(3) Propositional meaning
(4) Propositional attitude
13. ‘de re’ refers to :
(1) belief in an individual entity
(2) truth of a proposition
(3) hyperbole
(4) metaphorical meaning
14. Assertion (I) : Anthropological linguistics studies the role of language in relation to human cultural patterns and beliefs, as investigated using the theories and methods of anthropology.
Assertion (II) : Usually social situations like everyday interaction, ritual behaviour, political discourse, verbal art and educational practice cannot be explored from an anthropological point of view.
Code :
(1) Both (I) and (II) are correct.
(2) (I) is correct but (II) is wrong.
(3) (I) is wrong but (II) is correct.
(4) Both (I) and (II) are wrong.
15. The velar nasal [η] and the glotted fricative [h] which are mutually exclusive in distribution in English are not treated as allophones because they lack the criterion of _________.
(1) pattern congruity
(2) alternation
(3) free distribution
(4) phonetic similarity
16. In many people’s speech the word “envelope” can be pronounced as either [env∂oup] or [anv∂loup]. It is an example of :
(1) Minimal pair
(2) Subminimal pair
(3) Analogous pair
(4) Phonological doublets
17. Sounds which are vowel-like in manner of articulation, but consonant like in function, are classified as :
(1) Fricatives
(2) Stop consonants
(3) Frictionless continuants
(4) Vocalic sounds
18. A syllabic consonant is one which belongs to the category of ________.
(1) Heavy consonants
(2) Light consonants
(3) Sonorant consonants
(4) Fricative consonants
19. The production of sound from oscillation of the vocal cords and resonance of the vocal tract is known as :
(1) Intonation
(2) Pharyngealization
(3) Spirantalization
(4) Phonation
20. Within the category of consonants, the complete closure made by vocal organs results in the articulation of a :
(1) Plosive, affricate or nasal
(2) Plosive, fricative or nasal
(3) Plosive, semi-vowel or affricate
(4) Affricate, semi-vowel or continuant
21. A term in suprasegmental phonology that refers to the distinctive use of patterns of pitch or melody is known as :
(1) Intonation
(2) Phonation
(3) Stress patterns
(4) Loudness
22. A term that refers to the degree of force used in producing a syllable is :
(1) Juncture
(2) Loudness
(3) Stress
(4) Pitch
23. The element/r/in the English word ‘children’ is considered to be a/an __________.
(1) Empty morph
(2) Zero morph
(3) Allomorph
(4) Portmanteau morph
24. Zero affixation or conversion is the use of a word in a different part of speech from its base form :
(1) Without any affix or other changes.
(2) When an affix is attached to the base.
(3) When an ‘affix’ is inserted within its base.
(4) When an affix is not inserted in the beginning.
25. Assertion (I) : The syntagmatic relationship is about collocation.
Assertion (II) : Collocations cannot be predicted linguistically.
Code :
(1) Both (I) and (II) are true.
(2) (I) is false, but (II) is true.
(3) (I) is true, but (II) is false.
(4) Both (I) and (II) are false.
26. Assertion (I) : Suppletion is a category of alternation.
Assertion (II) : An alternation is a variation in the form/sound of a word or word part.
Code :
(1) Both (I) and (II) are true.
(2) (I) is false, but (II) is true.
(3) (I) is true, but (II) is false.
(4) Both (I) and (II) are false.
27. A construction that contains a head, which is the single obligatory element in the construction is :
(1) Exocentric Construction
(2) Endocentric Construction
(3) Peripheral Construction
(4) Endrocentric Construction
28. When an inflected word is stripped of all its affixes, the remainder is called a __________.
(1) Stem
(2) Root
(3) Phoneme
(4) Lexeme
29. Which of the following is true for open class words ?
(1) New items are very rarely added to it.
(2) Membership to this class is indefinite or unlimited.
(3) This class of words is open i.e. cannot take prefixes or suffixes.
(4) This class of words can be omitted in any sentence without any effect on syntax or semantics.
30. Which of the following is an example of a tag question ?
(1) Who do you plan on seeing this afternoon ?
(2) Why did he do that ?
(3) Is it really raining outside ?
(4) It is hot, isn’t it ?
31. In the sentence ‘I went to the market’, ‘to’ is a/an :
(1) Infinitival
(2) Preposition
(3) Adverb
(4) Interjection
32. Match the items in the List-I with List-II and choose the correct answer from the code given below :
33. In the sentence, ‘I felt that he was a fool’ , ‘that’ is a :
(1) Co-ordinating Conjunction
(2) Preposition
(3) Vocative
(4) Complementizer
34. Assertion (I) : The term ‘generative’ was introduced by Chomsky in ‘Syntactic structures’ (1957) to refer to the capacity of a grammar to define (i.e. specify the membership of) the set of grammatical sentences in a language.
Assertion (II) : Technically, a generative grammar is a set of formal rules which projects a finite set of sentences upon the potentially infinite set of sentences that constitute the language as a whole, and it does this in an explicit manner, assigning to each a set of structural descriptions.
Code :
(1) Both (I) and (II) are correct.
(2) (I) is correct, but (II) is wrong.
(3) (I) is wrong, but (II) is correct.
(4) Both (I) and (II) are wrong.
35. The sentence ‘* whoi did you hear the rumour that John killed ti ?’ is ungrammatical because of :
(1) Complex Noun Phrase Constraint
(2) Co-ordinate Structure Constraint
(3) Wh-island Constraint
(4) Sentential Subject Constraint
36. Which of the following is not true for Standard Theory ?
(1) Transformations do not change meaning.
(2) Lexical insertion rules, PS rewrite rules and sub-categorisation rules are part of Base.
(3) Movement, Deletion, Addition and Substitution are types of Transformations.
(4) Syntax is interpretive and Semantics generative.
37. The process which converts ‘I like potatoes and tomatoes’ to ‘Potatoes and Tomatoes are what I like’ is :
(1) Pro-form substitution
(2) Clefting
(3) Pseudo-clefting
(4) Passivization
38. Match the items in the List-I with List-II and choose the correct answer from the code given below :
39. In which category would ‘Verbs’ fall in the Indian grammatical tradition ?
(1) naama
(2) aakhyaata
(3) upasarga
(4) nipaata
40. A relation between a pair of sentences such that the truth of the second sentence necessarily follows from the truth of the first is called :
(1) truth condition
(2) entailment
(3) implicature
(4) deixis
41. Match the items in the List-I with List-II and choose the correct answer from the code given below :
42. Reference by means of an expression whose interpretation is relative to the extralinguistic context of the utterance is called :
(1) taxis
(2) deixis
(3) praxis
(4) opposition
43. If the languages in a group can be decisively established as genetically related and historically originating from the same proto language :
(1) all the descendant daughter languages preserve all of the phonetic features of the hypothesized (parent) protolanguage.
(2) none of the descendant daughter languages preserves all of the phonetic features of the protolanguage.
(3) some of the descendant daughter languages preserve all of the phonetic features of the protolanguage.
(4) none of the descendant daughter languages should have any phonetic features of the protolanguage.
44. The historical phenomenon by which a phoneme is modified in a subset of the lexicon, and spreads gradually to other lexical items is called :
(1) lexical diffusion
(2) lexical dimorphism
(3) lexicalization
(4) lexical phonomorphology
45. Match the items in List – I with those of List – II :
46. Assertion (I) : The golden age of philology in the 19th century was dominated by historical and comparative studies.
Assertion (II) : Early historical linguistic studies were preoccupied with the highly elaborate and constistent reconstruction of the Proto-Indo-European.
Code :
(1) (I) is correct, (II) is wrong.
(2) (I) is wrong, (II) is correct.
(3) Both (I) and (II) are correct.
(4) Both (I) and (II) are wrong.
47. The 19th century was dominated by historical linguistics. Such studies always had at their centre :
(1) the study of classical literature
(2) the study of language change
(3) the study of spoken language
(4) the study of linguistic sign
48. A method of recovering information about a language’s past from the characteristics of the language at a later date, with the assumption that this is based upon the existence of anomalous or irregular patterns of formation and that they must have developed, usually by sound change, from earlier regular patterns, is :
(1) Comparative Method
(2) Lexicostatistics
(3) Language Isolate
(4) Internal Reconstruction
49. South Asia as a linguistic area is characterized by one of the following groups of features :
(1) Compound verbs, retroflexion, relative clause construction, archiphoneme
(2) Compound verbs, retroflexion, SOV basic word order, reduplication
(3) Post-position, compound verbs, vowel harmony, zero copula
(4) Compound verbs, lack of retroflexion, post-positions, tones
50. A word or phrase borrowed from another language by literal, word-for-word or root-forroot translation is called :
(1) blend
(2) tadbhava
(3) calque
(4) prestige word
51. A technique for studying the development of languages by performing a feature by feature comparison of two or more languages with common descent from a shared ancestor in order to extrapolate back to the properties of that ancestor is :
(1) Internal Reconstruction
(2) Glottochronology
(3) Comparative Method
(4) Lexicostatistics
52. The loss of a vowel from the interior of a word is called :
(1) Apocope
(2) Syncope
(3) Aphaeresis
(4) Prothesis
53. A change in the meaning of a word so that it comes to include additional senses which were not originally present but which are closely associated with the word’s original meaning is known as :
(1) Pejoration
(2) Amelioration
(3) Hyperbole
(4) Metonymy
54. A linguistic method used in historical linguistics that uses the rate of vocabulary replacement to estimate the date of divergence for distinct but genetically related language is known as :
(1) Lexicostatistics
(2) Glottochronology
(3) Reconstruction
(4) Archeology
55. Burushaski, mostly spoken in Hunza, Nagar and Yasin Valleys occupied by Pakistan, is a :
(1) Cognate language
(2) Dialect
(3) Language Isolate
(4) Non-cognate language
56. By____________ , we expect the/b/of Sanskrit to correspond to/p/in Germanic and we expect Germanic/b/ to correspond to Sanskrit /bh/ and Greek/ph/.
(1) Grimm’s Law
(2) Grassman’s Law
(3) Verner’s Law
(4) Labov’s Law
57. What kind of planning is directly involved in the modernization of language ?
(1) Status planning
(2) Corpus planning
(3) Acquisition planning
(4) Economic planning
58. Assertion (I) : Any two languages are likely to differ in many ways such as word order, word structure, idioms, proverbs, semantics, discourse and lexical ambiguity.
Assertion (II) : For most pairs of languages it is obviously not possible to translate wordfor-word.
Code :
(1) (I) is correct, (II) is wrong.
(2) (I) is wrong, (II) is correct.
(3) Both (I) and (II) are correct.
(4) Both (I) and (II) are wrong.
59. Dell Hymes used the concept ‘ethnography of communication’ to refer to __________.
(1) how and why language is used by speakers in a certain way and how it varies from one culture to another.
(2) communicative efficiency of the speakers of a speech community.
(3) the differences between a standard language and its dialects.
(4) ethnic elements in the communicative activities of a society.
60. The degree of similarity between source and target texts or text elements is known as :
(1) Equivalence
(2) Transliteration
(3) Transcreation
(4) Intra-lingual translation
61. The use of controlled ‘defining vocabulary’ (DV), enabling lexicographers to explain meaning through a limited list of basic, high frequency words is done in :
(1) Bilingual dictionary
(2) Trilingual dictionary
(3) Monolingual learner’s dictionary
(4) Reverse dictionary
62. Damage to Broca’s area in the brain usually leads a person to a condition that is called _________.
(1) Agrammatism
(2) Alzheimer’s
(3) Dementia
(4) Dyslexia
63. Assertion (I) : A compound bilingual is a person who has learnt two languages sequentially and his/her use of L2 is mediated through the dominant L1.
Assertion (II) : A co-ordinate bilingual is one individual who has learnt two languages in the same environment so that he/she acquires one concept with two verbal expressions.
Code :
(1) (I) is correct, (II) is wrong.
(2) Both (I) and (II) are correct.
(3) (I) is wrong, (II) is correct.
(4) Both (I) and (II) are wrong.
64. The totality of linguistic varieties used in different social contexts and for different purposes by a speech community is called its________.
(1) linguistic variability
(2) dialectal variation
(3) verbal repertoire
(4) sociolectal variation
65. Assertion (I) : Variety of speech that is closest to a standard prestige language is called a basilect.
Assertion (II) : Variety of language that has diverged greatly from the standard form is called an acrolect.
Code :
(1) (I) is correct, (II) is wrong.
(2) (I) is wrong, (II) is correct.
(3) Both (I) and (II) are wrong.
(4) Both (I) and (II) are correct.
66. The title of Dylan Thomas’ poem ‘A grief ago’ is an example of _________.
(1) Alliteration
(2) Deviation
(3) Parallelism
(4) Consonance
67. A term that refers to the common use of linguistic devices which do not attract particular attention by the language decoder is known as :
(1) Foregrounding
(2) Automatization
(3) Stylistic device
(4) Onomatopoeia
68. A type of dictionary designed specifically to meet the needs of non-native language learners is known as :
(1) Bilingual Dictionary
(2) Monolingual Dictionary
(3) Idiomatic Dictionary
(4) Reverse Dictionary
69. Assertion (I) : Language is not simply a means of communicating information, but also a very important means of establishing and maintaining relationships with other people.
Assertion (II) : For those who do use taboo words, ‘breaking the rules’ will never have connotations of strength or freedom which they find desirable.
Code :
(1) (I) is true, (II) is false.
(2) (I) is false, (II) is true.
(3) Both (I) and (II) are true.
(4) Both (I) and (II) are false.
70. Assertion (I) : Interlanguage is the type of language or linguistic system used by second- and foreign-language learners who are in the process of learning a target language.
Assertion (II) : Interlanguage is an idiolect developed by a learner of a second language which manifests solely the overgeneralization of the rules of speaking and writing.
Code :
(1) (I) is correct, (II) is wrong.
(2) (I) is wrong, (II) is correct.
(3) Both (I) and (II) are wrong.
(4) Both (I) and (II) are correct.
71. The spectral peaks, or frequency bands, where acoustic energy is concentrated, are known as :
(1) amplitude
(2) fundamental frequency
(3) formants
(4) glottography
72. In Spoken English the rule of ?n? deletion in words like ‘damn’ and ‘autumn’, but not in ‘hymnal’ is :
(1) a lexical rule
(2) a post-lexical rule
(3) a variable rule
(4) a diacritic rule
73. The English word husband originally consisted of two elements, i.e. hus+bond ‘house’+’servant’; but it is now considered one word. What is this process called ?
(1) Word formation
(2) Nonce formation
(3) Grammaticalisation
(4) Lexicalisation
74. The Old English verb willan ‘to want’, ‘to wish’ has become the Modern English auxiliary will that is used to express futurity. What is this process called ?
(1) Lexicalisation
(2) Grammaticalization
(3) Systematisation
(4) Auxiliarisation
75. Following DP analysis, in the phrase ‘John’s picture of Mary’, which element comes under ‘D’ ?
(1) John
(2) ’s
(3) picture
(4) of
76. Which of the following is not true for Case theory ?
(1) Case theory is one of the theories under Government and Binding (GB) theory.
(2) Case is assigned at S – structure.
(3) Abstract Case is present even in languages which lack morphological case on Noun Phrases.
(4) In the Minimalist Program, case marking is expressed by Case Checking.
77. The notion that refers to the uttering of a linguistic expression, the function of which is not just to say things but actively to do things or to perform actions is known as :
(1) abhidha
(2) speech act
(3) communicative competence
(4) power set
78. A conditional assertion whose antecedent is false is called :
(1) Pseudo constraint
(2) Counterfactual
(3) Cardinal
(4) Vyanjana
79. A technique for inferring aspects of the history of a language from what we see in that language is :
(1) Internal reconstruction
(2) Borrowing
(3) Comparative method
(4) Syntactic change
80. Assertion (I) : The reason for the difference between urban and rural accents is that linguistic innovations often spread from one urban centre to another, and then these spread out into the surrounding countryside.
Assertion (II) : Linguistic innovations are neither due to the general economic, demographic and cultural dominance of town over country, nor due to the structure of the communication network.
Code :
(1) (I) is correct, (II) is wrong.
(2) (I) is wrong, (II) is correct.
(3) (I) and (II) both are correct.
(4) (I) and (II) both are wrong.
81. Which of the following is not true of restricted code ?
(1) It is used in formal educated situations.
(2) It stresses the speaker’s membership to a group.
(3) It relies on context for its meaningfulness.
(4) It lacks stylistic range.
82. A method of sociological analysis that examines how individuals use everyday conversation to construct a commonsense view of the world is known as :
(1) Conversational analysis
(2) Communicative competence
(3) Corpus planning
(4) Ethnomethodology
83. Assertion (I) : When the first studies on language acquisition began to appear, they all used the method of the parental diary.
Assertion (II) : These diary studies then followed a rigorous linguistic account of the data.
Code :
(1) (I) is correct, (II) is wrong.
(2) (I) is wrong, (II) is correct.
(3) Both (I) and (II) are correct.
(4) Both (I) and (II) are wrong.
84. Characteristic features of motherese are one of the following :
(1) Simplification, hypercorrection, diffusion
(2) Hypercorrection, repetition, loss of nasalization
(3) Simplification, hypercorrection, repetition
(4) Repetition, hypercorrection, melody deletion
85. Piaget’s theory of Cognitive development is a comprehensive theory about the :
(1) Innateness hypothesis
(2) Constructive processing
(3) Nature and development of human intelligence
(4) Zone of proximal development
86. Match the following :
87. If the same subject performs two sequential actions, the first action is expressed with a/an :
(1) Conjunction
(2) Explicator Compound Verb
(3) Echo word
(4) Conjunctive participle
88. Languages with the normal SOV order are :
(1) Prepositional
(2) Postpositional
(3) Derivational
(4) Inflectional
89. The process of adapting a message from one language to another, while maintaining its intent, style, tone and context is known as :
(1) transcreation
(2) transliteration
(3) translation
(4) transfusion
90. Assertion (I) : Terminology refers to the development and compilation of a body of terms used with a particular application in a particular subject, a particular scientific field or a profession.
Assertion (II) : A term in a specialized set of terms does not seek to condense a mass of information into a single word or phrase.
Code :
(1) (I) is correct, (II) is wrong.
(2) (I) is wrong, (II) is correct.
(3) Both (I) and (II) are correct.
(4) Both (I) and (II) are wrong.
91. Match the items in List-I with List-II and select the correct answer from the code given below :
92. Assertion (I) : The ILCI project is a project related to corpora development in Indian languages.
Assertion (II) : The ILCI project uses non-parallel corpus of all Indian languages and uses CLAWS tagset for annotation.
Code :
(1) Both (I) and (II) are true.
(2) (I) is true, (II) is false.
(3) (I) is false, (II) is true.
(4) Both (I) and (II) are false.
93. Assertion (I) : Principle of full interpretation states that Grammatical Structures exist for a purpose i.e. the structure of a sentence should not be more complex than what is required.
Assertion (II) : According to the principle of economy of representation there are no redundant elements in the structure of a sentence : each element plays some role, and must be interpreted in some way.
Code :
(1) Both (I) and (II) are true.
(2) (I) is true and (II) is false.
(3) (II) is true and (I) is false.
(4) Both (I) and (II) are false.
94. Assertion (I) : In the Minimalist framework only LF and PF are really necessary, and DS and SS can be dispensed with.
Assertion (II) : In the Minimalist framework verbs get their inflections from inflectional nodes, whose main purpose is to provide these inflections.
Code :
(1) (I) is true, (II) is false.
(2) (I) is false, (II) is true.
(3) Both (I) and (II) are true.
(4) Both (I) and (II) are false.
95. Assertion (I) : In prosodic phonology, prosody is concerned with those elements of speech that are not individual phonetic segments like vowels and consonants but are properties of syllables and larger units of speech such as those which
contribute to linguistic functions such as intonation, tone, stress and rhythm.
Assertion (II) : Prosody does not reflect the form of the utterances such as statement, question or command or even the presence of irony, sarcasm, emphasis etc.
Code :
(1) (I) is wrong, (II) is correct.
(2) (I) is correct, (II) is wrong.
(3) Both (I) and (II) are wrong.
(4) Both (I) and (II) are correct.
96. In autosegmental phonology the principle that prohibits two identical tones from being adjacent is known as :
(1) Absolute slicing hypothesis
(2) Obligatory contour principle
(3) Downdrift
(4) Upstep
97. The statement that the “Speech Community cannot be defined by a uniform set of attitudes towards language which are shared by almost all members of the speech community” was given by :
(1) Giles and Smith
(2) William Labov
(3) Fishman and Cooper
(4) Dell Hymes
98. Assertion (I) : The contemporary interethnic interactionists isolate those features of conversational inference which according to them make for cultural, subcultural and situational specificity of interpretation.
Assertion (II) : Insight into such culturally specific inferences should help us understand the nature of misunderstanding in human society, particularly in advanced industrialized societies.
Code :
(1) Both (I) and (II) are true.
(2) Both (I) and (II) are false.
(3) (I) is true, but (II) is false.
(4) (I) is false, but (II) is true.
99. An acquired reading disorder marked by the occurrence of semantic errors in reading aloud is :
(1) surface dyslexia
(2) apraxia
(3) dysarthria
(4) deep dyslexia
100. Assertion (I) : An overwhelming fact of brain functioning is that the cerebral hemispheres dominate asymmetry and that language is dominant in one of them.
Assertion (II) : There is no evidence of the lateralization of brain function as a tendency of some neural functions or cognitive processes.
Code :
(1) (I) is true, (II) is wrong.
(2) (I) is wrong, (II) is true.
(3) Both (I) and (II) are correct.
(4) Both (I) and (II) are wrong.
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