Biotechnology (BT)

Engineering Mathematics

Linear Algebra: Matrices and determinants, Systems of linear equations, Eigen values  and Eigen vectors.

Calculus: Limit, continuity and differentiability, Partial derivatives, Maxima and minima,  Sequences and series, Test for convergence, Fourier Series.

Differential Equations: Linear and nonlinear first order ODEs, higher order ODEs with  constant coefficients, Cauchy’s and Euler’s equations, Laplace transforms, PDE- Laplace,  heat and wave equations.

Probability and Statistics: Mean, median, mode and standard deviation, Random  variables, Poisson, normal and binomial distributions ,  Correlation and regression analysis.

Numerical Methods: Solution of linear and nonlinear algebraic equations, Integration  of trapezoidal and Simpson’s rule, Single and multistep methods for differential  equations.

Biotechnology

Microbiology: Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell structure; Microbial nutrition, growth  and control; Microbial metabolism (aerobic and anaerobic respiration, photosynthesis);  Nitrogen fixation; Chemical basis of mutations and mutagens; Microbial genetics  (plasmids, transformation, transduction, conjugation); Microbial diversity and  characteristic features; Viruses.

Biochemistry: Biomolecules and their conformation; Weak inter-molecular interactions  in bio macromolecules; Chemical and functional nature of enzymes; Kinetics of single  substrate and bi-substrate enzyme catalyzed reactions; Bioenergetics; Metabolism (Glycolysis, TCA and Oxidative phosphorylation); Membrane transport and pumps; Cell  cycle and cell growth control; Cell signaling and signal transduction.

Molecular Biology and Genetics: Molecular structure of genes and chromosomes; DNA  replication and control; Transcription and its control; Translational processes;  Regulatory controls in prokaryotes and eukaryotes; Mendelian inheritance; Gene  interaction; Complementation; Linkage, recombination and chromosome mapping;  Extrachromosomal inheritance; Chromosomal variation; Population genetics;  Transposable elements, Molecular basis of genetic diseases and applications.

Process Biotechnology: Bioprocess technology for the production of cell biomass and  primary/secondary metabolites, such as baker’s yeast, ethanol, citric acid, amino acids,  exo-polysacharides, antibiotics and pigments etc.; Microbial production, purification and bio- process application(s) of industrial enzymes; Production and purification of  recombinant proteins on a large scale; Chromatographic and membrane based  bioseparation methods; Immobilization of enzymes and cells and their application for  bioconversion processes.

Biotechnology

Microbiology: Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell structure; Microbial nutrition, growth  and control; Microbial metabolism (aerobic and anaerobic respiration, photosynthesis);  Nitrogen fixation; Chemical basis of mutations and mutagens; Microbial genetics  (plasmids, transformation, transduction, conjugation); Microbial diversity and  characteristic features; Viruses.

Biochemistry: Biomolecules and their conformation; Weak inter-molecular interactions  in bio macromolecules; Chemical and functional nature of enzymes; Kinetics of single  substrate and bi-substrate enzyme catalyzed reactions; Bioenergetics; Metabolism  (Glycolysis, TCA and Oxidative phosphorylation); Membrane transport and pumps; Cell  cycle and cell growth control; Cell signaling and signal transduction.

Molecular Biology and Genetics: Molecular structure of genes and chromosomes; DNA  replication and control; Transcription and its control; Translational processes;  Regulatory controls in prokaryotes and eukaryotes; Mendelian inheritance; Gene  interaction; Complementation; Linkage, recombination and chromosome mapping;  Extrachromosomal inheritance; Chromosomal variation; Population genetics;  Transposable elements, Molecular basis of genetic diseases and applications.

Process Biotechnology: Bioprocess technology for the production of cell biomass and  primary/secondary metabolites, such as baker’s yeast, ethanol, citric acid, amino acids,  exo-polysacharides, antibiotics and pigments etc.; Microbial production, purification and
bioprocess application(s) of industrial enzymes; Production and purification of  recombinant proteins on a large scale; Chromatographic and membrane based  bioseparation methods; Immobilization of enzymes and cells and their application for  bioconversion processes.

Biotechnology

Microbiology: Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell structure; Microbial nutrition, growth  and control; Microbial metabolism (aerobic and anaerobic respiration, photosynthesis);  Nitrogen fixation; Chemical basis of mutations and mutagens; Microbial genetics  (plasmids, transformation, transduction, conjugation); Microbial diversity and characteristic features; Viruses.

Biochemistry: Biomolecules and their conformation; Weak inter-molecular interactions  in bio macromolecules; Chemical and functional nature of enzymes; Kinetics of single  substrate and bi-substrate enzyme catalyzed reactions; Bioenergetics; Metabolism  (Glycolysis, TCA and Oxidative phosphorylation); Membrane transport and pumps; Cell  cycle and cell growth control; Cell signaling and signal transduction.
Molecular Biology and Genetics: Molecular structure of genes and chromosomes; DNA  replication and control; Transcription and its control; Translational processes;  Regulatory controls in prokaryotes and eukaryotes; Mendelian inheritance; Gene  interaction; Complementation ; Linkage, recombination and chromosome mapping;  Extrachromosomal inheritance; Chromosomal variation; Population genetics;  Transposable elements, Molecular basis of genetic diseases and applications.

Process Biotechnology: Bioprocess technology for the production of cell biomass and primary/secondary metabolites, such as baker’s yeast, ethanol, citric acid, amino acids,  exo-polysacharides, antibiotics and pigments etc.; Microbial production, purification and  bio – process application(s) of industrial enzymes; Production and purification of  recombinant proteins on a large scale; Chromatographic and membrane based  bioseparation methods; Immobilization of enzymes and cells and their application for  bioconversion processes.

Aerobic and anaerobic biological processes for stabilization of solid / liquid wastes;  Bioremediation.

Bioprocess Engineering: Kinetics of microbial growth, substrate utilization and product formation; Simple structured models; Sterilization of air and media; Batch fedbatch  and continuous processes; Aeration and agitation; Mass transfer in bioreactors;  Rheology  of fermentation fluids; Scale-up concepts; Design of fermentation media;  Various types of microbial and enzyme reactors; Instrumentation in bioreactors.

Plant and Animal Biotechnology: Special features and organization of plant cells; Tot  potency; Regeneration of plants; Plant products of industrial importance; Biochemistry  of major metabolic pathways and products; Autotrophic and heterotrophic growth;  Plant growth regulators and elicitors;

Cell suspension culture development:  methodology, kinetics of growth and production formation, nutrient optimization;
Production of secondary metabolites by plant suspension cultures; Hairy root cultures  and their cultivation. Techniques in raising transgencies.

Characteristics of animal cells: Metabolism, regulation and nutritional requirements for mass cultivation of animal cell cultures; Kinetics of cell growth and product for mass cultivation of animal cell cultures; Kinetics of cell growth and product  carrier culture; Hybridoma technology; Live stock improvement; Cloning in animals;  Genetic engineering in animal cell culture; Animal cell preservation.

Immunology: The origin of immunology; Inherent immunity; Humoral and cell  mediated immunity; Primary and secondary lymphoid organ; Antigen; B and T cells and  Macrophages; Major histocompatibility complex (MHC); Antigen processing and  presentation; Synthesis of antibody and secretion; Molecular basis of antibody diversity;  Polyclonal and monoclonal antibody; Complement; Antigen-antibody reaction;  Regulation of immune response; Immune tolerance; Hyper sensitivity; Autoimmunity;  Graft versus host reaction.

Recombinant DNA Technology: Restriction and modification enzymes; Vectors:  plasmid, bacteriophage and other viral vectors, cosmids, Ti plasmid, yeast artificial  chromosome; cDNA and genomic DNA library; Gene isolation; Gene cloning; Expression of cloned gene; Transposons and gene targeting; DNA labeling; DNA sequencing;  Polymerase chain reactions; DNA fingerprinting; Southern and northern blotting; In-situ  hybridization; RAPD; RFLP; Site-directed mutagenesis; Gene transfer technologies; Gene  therapy.

Bioinformatics: Major bioinformatics resources (NCBI, EBI, ExPASy); Sequence and  structure databases; Sequence analysis  (biomolecular sequence file formats, scoring  matrices, sequence alignment, phylogeny); Genomics and Proteomics (Large scale genome  sequencing strategies; Comparative genomics; Understanding DNA microarrays  and protein arrays); Molecular modeling and simulations (basic concepts including  concept of force fields).

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