01 prakash

Lord Dalhousie (1849 – 56) in Indian History:

• Introduced the policy of ‘Doctrine of Lapse’
• Indian states annexed through the Doctrine of Lapse were Satara (1848), Jaitpur and Sambalpur (1849) Baghatpur (1850), Udaipur (1852) Jhansi (1853) and Nagpur (1854).
• Introduced the Woods Despatch known as the Magnacarta of English Education in India prepared by Charles Wood in 1854.
• Boosted up the development of Railways and laid the first Railway line in 1853 from Bombay to Thane and Second from Calcutta to Raniganj.
• Gave a great impetus to Post and Telegraph. Telegraphic lines were laid – first line from Calcutta to Agra.
• Shimla was made summer Capital and Army Head Quarters.
• Hindu Marriage Act was passed in 1856.
• In 1853 started recruitment of the Covenanted Civil Service by competitive examination.
• A Post Office Act was passed in 1854. Postage stamps were issued for the first time.
• In 1855 the Santhal Uprising took place.
• Abolished the title of the Nawab of Carnatic.

Sir Charles Metcalfe (1835 – 36) in Indian History:

• Abolished restriction on press
• He is called the ‘‘Liberator of Press’’
• First Afghan war was started during the Governor Generalship of Lord Auckland.
• Slavery was abolished by Governor general Lord Ellenborough.

Lord William Bentinck (1828- 35) in Indian History:

• First Governor General of India by the government of India Act of 1833.
• Known as benevolent Governor General.
• Banned the practice of Sati in 1829. Suppressed Tughi in 1830.
• Banned female infanticide.
• Created the province of Agra in 1834.
• Made English to be the court language in higher court but Persian continued in Lower courts.
• Appointed Macaulay as president of the committee of public instruction, Mecaulays Minutes was submitted in 1835.

Lord Hastings (1813-23) in Indian History:

• He was made Marques of Hastings due to his success in the Gorkhar war or the Anglo Nepalis war.
• He abolished the Peshwaship and annexed his territories to the Bombay presidency after the third Anglo-Maratha war (1818)
• Introduced the Ryotwari System in Madras presidency by Governor Thomas Munroe in 1820 under the governor generalship of Hastings.
• Mahalwari System of land revenue was introduced in North West Province by James Thomson.

Lord Minto (1807-1813) in Indian History:

• Signed the treaty of Amritsar in 1809 between Ranjith Singh of Punjab and the English.

Lord Wellesley (1793 – 1798) in Indian History:

• Described himself as Bengali Tiger.
• He created the Madras presidency.
• Introduced the system of Subsidiary Alliance.
• The first state to sign the Subsidiary Alliance system was Hyderabad in 1798. Then Mysore, Tanjore, Awadh, Peshwar, Bhonsle, Sindhia, Jodhpur, Jaipur, Mecheri, Bundi, Bharatpur and Berar signed the subsidiary treaty.
• Lord Wellesley fought the second Maratha war.
• Raja Ram Mohan Roy wrote the Tuhfat-ul- Muwahiddin (gift to the Monotheists) during his period.

Lord Cornwallis (1786 – 93) in Indian History:

• He introduced Permanent settlement in 1793.
• The Police system was introduced in India.
• Cornwallis Code was introduced. It was based on the separation of powers

Executors of British Policies in Indian History:

• Warren Hastings : (1772-85) He introduced quinquennial settlement of land revenue in 1772.
• He codified the Hindu and Muslim laws.
• He founded the Asiatic Society of Bengal with the help of William Jones in 1784.
• The trial of Maharaja Nandakumar (1775) and his Judicial Murder was during the period of Warren Hastings
• He abolished the Dual Government in Bengal in 1772.
• After his return to England he was impeached there in 1785.
• By the Regulating Act 1775 of appointed him the first Governor General.
• First Anglo – Maratha war took place during his period.
• In 1780 James Augustus Hickey started a weekly paper called Bengal Gazette or Calcutta General Advertiser during the period of Warren Hastings.
• Warren Hastings established a Muhammedan Madrasa in Calcutta.

Subsidiary Alliance system and other Policies in Indian History:

• Subsidiary Alliance System was used by Wellesley to bring Indian States within the orbit of British political power.
• First Indian ruler to join the Subsidiary Alliance System was the Nizam of Hyderabad.
• Lord Wellesley is consdiered as the ‘Akbar of English East India Company’ by Marshman.
• Permanent Revenue Settlement was introduced in Bengal, Bihar, Orissa and districts of Benaras and northern districts of Madras by Lord Cornwallis in 1793. It was planned by Johnshore.
• Ryotwari System was introduced in Bombay, Madras and Assam. This system was similar to Akbar’s revenue policy Zabti system.
• Mahalwari System was introduced in Awad region, Punjab, NWFP and parts of Central India.

Maratha Wars in Indian History:

• First Anglo Maratha war (1775-82) It ended by the treaty of Salbai.
• Second Anglo-Maratha War was from 1803 to 1805.
• The treaty of Bassein was signed between the last Peshwa Baji RaoII and the English in 1802.
• The second Maratha War was ended by the treaty of Rajghat, 1806.
• The third Anglo Maratha war was from 1817- 1818. Thus by the end of third Maratha war the Maratha power disappeared and the English created the State of Sathara.

Conquest of Mysore in Indian History:

• Haider Ali was the son of Fatheh Muhammed.He was born in 1722.
• In 1766 he became the ruler of Mysore after the death of Mysore Raja Krishna Wodeyar.
• First Mysore war between Haider Ali and the English started in 1767 and ended in 1769.
• First Anglo-Mysore war ended with the defeat of English and the treaty of Madras.
• Second Mysore war was from 1780 to 1784.
• Haider Ali died in 1782 and Tipu Sulthan became the Mysore ruler.
• The second Mysore war ended by the treaty of Mangalore in 1784.
• Second Mysore war was fought during the period of Warren Hastings.
• Third Mysore war started in 1790 and ended in 1792.
• The third war ended by the treaty of Seringapatnam on March 19th1792.
• Fourth Anglo Mysore war was in 1799.
• Fourth Mysore war was fought during the period of Governor general wellesley.
• In this battle Tipu was killed in 1799 at Srerangapatanam by Col. Arthur Wellesley.
• Tipu’s Capital was Srerangapatanam.
• Tipu is known as Mysore Tiger.
• Fathul Mujahiddin is the book written by Tippu which describes about Rockets.

The English and the French in Indian History:

• The English East India Company was formed by a group of Merchants known as ‘The Merchant Adventurers’ in 1599.
• Early Name of the company was John Company.
• English East India Company was formally established on 31st December 1600 by a Charter issued by Queen Elizabeth of the Tudor dynasty.
• Hector, the first ship of the English East India company reached Surat on 24 August 1606.
• In 1612 the Company became a joint stock company.
• Sir Thomas Roe, first ambassador of James I of England landed at Surat and met Jahangir in 1613 and the first English factor, was established at Surat.
• The company acquired Bombay from Charles II on lease which he got as dowry from Portugal.
• The designation of ‘Chief Justice’ was introduced in India by the English in 1678.
• Madras became the first presidency chartered as municipal corporation with Mayor’s court 1687.
• Job Charnock founded the city of Calcutta.
• Colbert the minister of Louis XIV created the compangnile des Indes Orientales in 1664.
• Francis Carton set up the first French factory at Surat in 1668.
• The First French Governor of Ponicherry was Francois Martin.
• The arrival of Dupleix as French Governor in India in 1742 saw the beginning of Anglo- French Conflict.
• The first Carnatic war between the French and the English for supremacy in South India occured in 1742. It ended in 1748 by the treaty of Aix-la- Chapple.
• The second Carnatic war was from 1748 to 1754.
• Robert Clive was the Governor of the English during the Carnatic wars.
• The Gregorian Calendar came to be used throughout the British dominion in 1752.
• The Second Carnatic war ended with the treaty of Pondicherry in 1754.
• The Third Carnatic war was from 1758 to 1763.
• At the Battle of Wandiwash Eyre Coot defeated French general Lally in 1760.
• With the treaty of Paris in 1763 peace was settled between the French and English.
• The battle of Plassey was fought in the year 1757 June 13.
• In 1756 Siraj-ud-daula, the Nawab of Bengal, attacked Calcutta and captured it. 146 British prisoners including their commander John Zepheria Holwell and four women were locked in a small room. 123 of them died inside due to suffication. This incident is known a Black-hole tragedy.
• Battle of Plassey was fought between Robert Clive and Siraj-ud-daula, the Nawab of Bengal.
• Siraj-ud-daula was defeated in the battle.
• Mir Zafar was made the Nawab of Bengal after the battle of Plassey.
• After the battle of Plassey Robert Clive became the first Governor of Bengal.
• The Construction of fort William of Calcutta was started by Lord Clive.
• In 1764 the European Bengal Regiment mutinied which was followed by the First Indian Sepoy Mutiny against the British.
• The combined forces of Mirkassim, Emperor of Delhi and Nawab Shuja-ud-Daula of Oudh were defeated in the Battle of Buxar on October 23 1764.
• Robert Clive introduced official postal system in India in 1766.
• Robert Clive introduced ‘Dual government’ in Bengal.

Advent of the Europeans in Indian History:

• A new Sea route to India via Cape of Good Hope (Southern tip of South Africa) by Vasco da Gama in 1498 AD marked the beginning of European period in Indian History.
• He first arrived at Kapad near Kozhikode in Kerala
• Saint Gabriel was the name of the ship in which Vasco-da-Gama landed at Kappad, the port of Zamorine of Calicut.
• The most famous Portuguese men from the point of view of India Vasco da Gama, Almeida and Albuquerque.
• Vasco-da-Gama arrived for the second time in 1502 and for the third chance in 1524. He died at Fort Cochin and was cremated at the St. Frnacis Church there. Later his remains were brought back to Portugal.
• Don Francisco de’Almedia was the first Portuguese governor in the East. His policy was called ‘‘the bluewater policy’’ which aimed at the establishement of strong navy
• In 1507 the Portuguese arrived at Madras. The city finally got its name from their leader Madra.
• The greatest Portuguese governor to the East was Albuquerque. He was the real founder of the Portuguese authority in India.
• Albuquerque tried to abolish Sati.
• His policy mixed colony system was to encourage intermarriage between the Portuguese and Indians.
• They Portuguese religious policy was Lantinisation of Kerala.
• The conflict for the establishment of Latin rite and syrian rite led to the Coonan Cross Oath incident in 1653.
• The Portuguese introduced agricultural products such a cashew, coconut, custardapple, pineapple etc in India
• They introduced Tobacco in the court of Akbar in 1604.
• Portuguese authority in Indian seas remained upto 1595.
• The Portuguese started the first press in India at Goa in 1556
• The first Portuguese fort in India was constructed at Cochin.
• Portuguese captured Goa from the Bijapur Sulthan in 1510.

Famous Personalities in Medieval India:

• Al Masudi – An Arabian traveller who came to India in 10th century AD.
• Al Beruni – He came to India with Muhammed Ghazni, his book, Tahrik-ul-Hindh.
• Abbas Khan Shervani : He was a historian of Shershahs time. He wrote Tarikh-1-Shershahi.
• Abul Fazal : He was a a great scholar poet Historian in the court of Akbar. He wrote Akbarnamah and Ain-i- Akbari.
• Bhaktiyar Khilji : Commander of Muhammed Ghori who conquered Bengal and crushed the Sena dynasty.
• Bhar Mal : He was the Rajput ruler of Amber. His daughter Jodabai was married to Akbar. Akbars commanders Bhangavandas and Mansingh were his son and grandson respectively.
• Chathaniya : He popularised ‘Bhakti’ in Bengal. He was worshipper of Krishna.
• Chand Bibi : She was the daughter of Nizam Shai ruler of Ahmed Nagar and was married to the Adil Shahi ruler of Bijapur. As a widow she fought with Mughals to save her dynasty.
• Chand Bibi : She was the daughter of Nizam Shai ruler of Ahmed Nagar and was married to the Adil Shahi ruler of Bijapur. As a widow she fought with Mughals to save her dynasty.
• Bairam Khan : He helped Akbar to defeat Hemu.
• Firadusi : famous poet in the court of Muhammed Ghazni He wrote Shah Namah (The book of kings). He is known as Indian Homer or Persian Homer.
• Ibn Batuta : He was an African (Morocco) who visited the court of Muhammed bin Tughlaq and wrote the book ‘Rihala’.
• Hasan Gangu – founder of Bahmani dynasty under the name Alauddin Bahamanshah.
• Jai Chandra – He was the ruler of Kanauj, belonged to the Gahawala dynasty. He was defeated in 1194 by Muhammed Ghori in the battle of Chandwar.
• Khawaja Moinuddin Chisti : He was a sufi saint of 12th century who started the Chishtia sect at Ajmir.
• Islam Shah : Second Sur ruler, son of Shersha He codified the law and introduced an impartial system of Justice.
• Lalitaditya of Karkota dynasty : He ruled over Kashmir from 724 to 760. The famous Martand Mandir temple was built by him.
• Malik Kafur : He was an army commander of Alauddin Khilji – who conquered south India for him. He was converted to Islam from Hinduism.
• Muhamed Gawan : He was a minister to the Bahmani rulers.
• Malik Amber : He was a Syrian slave who could became the Prime Minister of Ahmed Nagar. He administered the State very well fought against the Mughals and Marathas.
• Mirza Ghias Beg : He was the father of Nur Jahan and received the title Etmatuddaula. His tomb is in Agra.
• Murshid Quli Khan : He was an independent ruler of Bengal, who founded the city of Murshidabad.
• Rana Kumbha : He was a Rajput ruler of 15th century He built a kirti Stambh at Chittar.

Sufism in Indian History:

• Mythical movement of the Muslims was known as Suficism.
• Sufi movement first came to India in the wake of Muhammed Ghazni’s invasion in the 11th century
• Sufi orders are called Silsilahs.
• Chishti Silsilah was founded by Khawaja Moinuddin Chishti of Ajmir.
• Sufism declined in the 17th Century.

The Bhakti Movement in Indian History:

• Love and devotion to one personal God is the basic concept of Bhakti.
• The Alvars or Vaishanava saints and Nayanars or Saivite, saints became the promoters of Bhakti movement in South India.
• Ramanuja, a Vaishana saint of 12th century AD, was born at Sriperumbathur and founded philosophy of Vishistadvaita or qualified monism.
• The leader of Bhakti movement or Hindu revivalism was Sankaracharya. His philosophy was Advaita or pure monism. He wrote Commentary on Brahmasutra and Upanishad. He founded four matts- Sringeri, Dwaraka, Puri and Badrinath.
• Vallabhacharya promoted the philosophy of Pushtimarga. He was the founder of Sudhadvaita.
• The North India the Bakti movement was promoted by two sects of thought – the Saguna and Nirguna schools.
• Ramanand, born at Prayag preached Vaishnavaism. He was a followers of Ramanuja.
• Kabir (1398 -1458) a nirguna was born near Benaras. His followers started the ‘Kabirpanthis’.
• Tulasi Dasa (1532 – 1623) a worshipper of Rama compossed Ramcharithamanasa in Hindi. His other works are Kavitavali and Gitavali.
• Mirabai (1498 – 1509) a Rajaput princess hailed from the Sisodiya dynasty of Chittoor was a devotee of Lord Krishna. Her lyrics were written in Brijbhasha and in Rajasthani.
• Jnanadeva, Namadeva, Eknatha Tukaram and Samarth Ram Das were the leading Maratha saints of Bhakti movement.
• Jnanadeva founded the Maharashtra Dharma. His famous work ‘Jnaneswari’ is a commendarel on Bhagavatgita.
• Ekanath promoted the custom of singing Kirthana and he composed ‘abhangas’ or typical poems.
• Tukaram a contemporary of Shivaji was the promoter of Maratha nationalism.
• Samarth Ramdas, the spiritual guide of Shivaji, wrote ‘Dasabhodha’.

Renjith Singh (1780 – 1836) in Indian History:

• Renjith Singh became the ruler of Punjab in 1799.
• He assumed the title Maharaja in 1801.
• The 1809 the British and Renjith Singh made the Treaty of Amritsar during the period of Lord Minto
• In 1809 Shah Shuja the grandson of Ahmedshah Abdali presented the Kohinoor diamond to Ranjith Singh.
• Later Punjab was annexed to the British territories by Lord Dalhousie in 1849. Sir John Lawrence became the first Chief Commissioner of Punjab.
• The Sikhs fought two wars against the English First Anglo-Sikh War (1845- 1846) and the Second Anglo-Sikh war (1848 – 1849)

Sikhism in Indian History:

• ‘Sikh’ is a sanskrit word which means ‘desciple’.
• Sikh religion was founded by GuruNanak.
• Guru Nanak was born was born at Talwandi in Lahore, belonged to the Khatri Caste (Mercantile Community).
• Nanak called his creed as Gurumat or Guru’s wisdom.
• GuruNanak was born in 1469 and died in 1538.
• He was the first Guru of the Sikhs.
• Nanak preached only in Punjabi.
• Nanak nominated Guru Angad as his successor.
• Guru Angad introduced Gurumukhi Script. He also compiled Guru Nanak’s biography Janam Sakis.
• Langar or free community dining was also introduced by Guru Angad.
• Third Sikh Guru was Amar Das. He started the Manji system ie, branches for the propagation of Sikhs. He made Guruship hereditory.
• Guru Ramdas was the fourth Sikh Guru. He founded the city of Amritsar. The place for the city was donated by Akbar.
• Under the fifth Sikh Guru, Guru Arjun Dev, Sikhism became an organised religion. He compiled the ‘Adi Grandh’ the sacred book of the Sikhs. He built a temple at Amritsar , (later the Golden Temple) Har Mandir Sahib. He helped Jahangir’s son Prince Khusru to rebel against the Emperor So he was executed by Jahangir at Lahore in 1606 AD.
• The sixth Guru Hargovind, created a Sikh army and turned against Shah Jahan. He founded a palace opposite to Harmandir Sahib known as ‘Akaltakt’. He also adopted the title Sacha Padusha, which means true ruler. (the title was not adopted by Teg Bahadur)
• Seventh Guru was Har Rai. He was succeeded by Guru Harkishan. Har Kishan became the Guru at the age of five, hence he is the youngest Sikh Guru.
• The 10th and the last Guru, Govind Singh formed the Khalsa or the Sikh brotherhood.
• He introduced ‘Panchkakar’ of Sikhism -ie Kesh (long hair) Kanga (Comb) Kripan (Sword), Kachha (Underwear) and Kara (Iron bangk)
• He introduced baptism and wanted every Sikh to bear community surname ‘Singh’ or lion.
• His aim was the establishment of a Sikh State after overthrowing the Mughals. In 1708 he was killed by an Afghan.
• ‘Vichithra Natak’ is the autobiography of Guru Govind Singh.
• Kartarpur Dabir is the root form of Guru Grandh Sahib.
• Govind Singh proclaimed the Grandh Sahib as the eternal Guru.

Sikh Guru
Guru Nanak ………………………… 1469-1538
Guru Angad ……………………… 1538 – 1552
Guru Amardas …………………… 1552 – 1574
Guru Ramdas …………………….. 1574 – 1581
Guru Arjundev ………………….. 1581 – 1606
Guru Hargovind …………………. 1606 – 1645
Guru Har Rai ……………………… 1645 – 1661
Guru Har Kishan ………………….. 1661-1664
Guru Teg Bahadur ………………… 1664-1675
Guru Govind Singh …………….. 1675 – 1708

The Marathas in Indian History:

• The first great leader of the Marathas was Chatrapathi Shivaji.
• The Marathas became prominent in the later half of the 17th century.
• Shivaji belonged to the Bhonsle clan of the Marathas.
• Shaji Bhonsle and Jiga Bai were the Parents of Shivaji.
• He was born in 1627 February 19 at the fort of Shivner near Junnar.
• His father was a military commander under the Nizam Shahi rulers of Ahmedanagar and later of Bijapur.
• Shivaji’s tutor was Dadaji Kondadev
• Shivaji received the help of Malavi tribe to capture the territories of Bijapur Sulthan.
• Torna was the first place captured by Shivaji in 1646.
• Shivaji came to conflict with the Mughals for the first time in 1657, during the period of Shah Jahan
• In 1659 Bijapur Sulthan Ali Adilshah sent Afzal Khan to kill Shivaji. But he killed Afsal Khan.
• In 1660 Aurangazeb deputed his viceroy of Deccan, Shaisthakhan to kill Shivaji.
• 1665, Shivaji signed the treaty of Purandar with Raja Jai Singh of Ambher, who was deputed by Aurangazeb.
• In 1666 Shivaji visited Aurangazeb in his court at Agra. But he and his son Sambaji were imprisoned by Aurangazeb in the Jaipur Bhavan.
• On 16th June 1674 Shivaji crowned himself an independent Hindu king became the Chatrapathi and assumed the title ‘Haidavadhasmodharak’.
• Shivaji died in 1680 at the age of 53.
• Shahu became the Chatrapathi in 1708 and his period witnessed the rise of Peshwaship.
• Balaji Vishwanath (1712 – 1720) Baji Rao (1720 – 40) Balaji BajiRao I (1740 – 61) and Madhav Rao I (1761 – 1772) were the Peshwas who ruled Maharashtra.
• Baji Rao popularised the idea of Hindu Padpadshahi or Hindu Empire.
• Balaji Baji Rao’s period witnessed the Third Battle of Panipat in 1761. In this battle Ahmed Shah Abdali of Afghanistan defeated the Marathas.
• Madhava Rao was the last great Peshwa.
• Last Peshwa was Baji Rao II.
• Madhava Rao’s period witnessed the disintegration of the Maratha power and the formation of independent kingdoms – Holkarofindor, Bhonsle of Nagpur, Sindhya of Gwalior and Gaekwad of Baroda
• Shivaji’s Council of Ministers was known as Ashtapradhan. They were Peshwa, Pandit Rao, Sumant, Sachiva, Senapathi, Amatya, Mantri and Nyayadhyaksha.
• Peshwa was the Maratha Chief Minister.
• Chaudh and Sardesh Mukhi were two special laxes collected by the Marathas.
• The first Maratha war (1775 -82) Swai Madhav Rao Vs Raghunath Rao with English support.
• Second Maratha war 1803 – 05.
• Third Maratha war 1816 – 19.
• The last great Soldier and statesman of Maratha was Nana Phadavnis (1800)
• The Maratha script was called Modiscript.
• Peshwaship was abolished in 1818
• Baji Rao was the ablest of the Peshwas.
• Shivaji did not allow women in his military camp.
• The Marathas were equipped with an efficient naval system under Shivaji.

Shershah Suri in Indian History:

• Shershah’s original name was Farid.
• He was born in Hissar Firosa.
• His father was Hassan Khan
• His family came to India from Afghanistan.
• He entered the service of Baharkhan Lohani of Behar from whom received the title of Sherkhan, for killing a lion single handed.
• Later he became a member of the Mughal court of Babur.
• In 1539 by the battle of Chausa, Sherkhan defeated Humayun for the first time and assumed the name Shershah.
• Later in 1540 he completely defeated Humayun in in the battle of Kanauj and founded the Sur dynasty.
• While directing the operations of his artillery at Kalanjar against the ruler of Bundelkhand Raja Kirat Singh, Shershah was seriously wounded by a sudden fire from his own artillery and died on May 22, 1545.
• Shershah constructed the Grand Trunk Road from Sohargaon to Attock (Calcutta to Amritsar)
• He introduced the National Highway concept for the first time in India.
• Now the Grand Trunk Road is known as Shershah Suri Marg. Its part from Delhi to Amritsar is known as National Highway -1.
• Grand Trunk Road is also known a ‘Long Walk’.
• He was the first ruler to introduce Silver Rupiya (one rupiya was equal to 64 dams) and gold coin Ashrafi.
• He built the Purana Qila in Delhi (its Construction was started by Humayun) and his own Mousoleum (Tomb) at Sasaram in Bihar.
• He also constructed the Khooni Darwaza (blood stained gate) the gate way of Firozshah Kotla in Delhi.
• Hindi poet Malik Muhammed Jayasi completed his Padmavat, during his reign.
• His Revenue system was excellent and hence Akbar’s administrative reforms were modelled after him. He is regarded as the forerunner of Akbar
• Shershah was succeeded by his son Islam Shah.
• The last Sur ruler was Sikkandar Shah Sur. Who was defeated by Humayun in 1555 by the battle of Sirhindh.