GATE-2023
ST: Statistics
General Aptitude
Q.1 – Q.5 Carry ONE mark each.
1. “I have not yet decided what I will do this evening; I ______ visit a friend.”
(A) mite
(B) would
(C) might
(D) didn’t
2. Eject : Insert : : Advance : _______
(By word meaning)
(A) Advent
(B) Progress
(C) Retreat
(D) Loan
3. In the given figure, PQRSTV is a regular hexagon with each side of length 5 cm. A circle is drawn with its centre at V such that it passes through P. What is the area (in cm2) of the shaded region? (The diagram is representative)
(A) 25π/3
(B) 20π/3
(C) 6π
(D) 7π
4. A duck named Donald Duck says “All ducks always lie.”
Based only on the information above, which one of the following statements can be logically inferred with certainty?
(A) Donald Duck always lies.
(B) Donald Duck always tells the truth.
(C) Donald Duck’s statement is true.
(D) Donald Duck’s statement is false.
5. A line of symmetry is defined as a line that divides a figure into two parts in a way such that each part is a mirror image of the other part about that line.
The figure below consists of 20 unit squares arranged as shown. In addition to the given black squares, upto 5 more may be coloured black. Which one among the following options depicts the minimum number of boxes that must be coloured black to achieve two lines of symmetry? (The figure is representative)
(A) d
(B) c, d, i
(C) c, i
(D) c, d, i, f, g
Q.6 – Q.10 Carry TWO marks Each
6. Based only on the truth of the statement ‘Some humans are intelligent’, which one of the following options can be logically inferred with certainty?
(A) No human is intelligent.
(B) All humans are intelligent.
(C) Some non-humans are intelligent.
(D) Some intelligent beings are humans.
7. Which one of the options can be inferred about the mean, median, and mode for the given probability distribution (i.e. probability mass function), P(x), of a variable x?
(A) mean = median ≠ mode
(B) mean = median = mode
(C) mean ≠ median = mode
(D) mean ≠ mode = median
8. The James Webb telescope, recently launched in space, is giving humankind unprecedented access to the depths of time by imaging very old stars formed almost 13 billion years ago. Astrophysicists and cosmologists believe that this odyssey in space may even shed light on the existence of dark matter. Dark matter is supposed to interact only via the gravitational interaction and not through the electromagnetic-, the weak- or the strong-interaction. This may justify the epithet “dark” in dark matter.
Based on the above paragraph, which one of the following statements is FALSE?
(A) No other telescope has captured images of stars older than those captured by the James Webb telescope.
(B) People other than astrophysicists and cosmologists may also believe in the existence of dark matter.
(C) The James Webb telescope could be of use in the research on dark matter.
(D) If dark matter was known to interact via the strong-interaction, then the epithet “dark” would be justified.
9. Let a = 30! , b = 50! , and c = 100! . Consider the following numbers:
logac, logca, logba, logab
Which one of the following inequalities is CORRECT?
(A) logc a > logb a < loga b < loga c
(B) logc a < loga b < logb a < logb c
(C) logc a < logb a < loga c < loga b
(D) logb a < logc a < loga b < loga c
10. A square of side length 4 cm is given. The boundary of the shaded region is defined by one semi-circle on the top and two circular arcs at the bottom, each of radius 2 cm, as shown.
The area of the shaded region is _______ cm2.
(A) 8
(B) 4
(C) 12
(D) 10
ST: Statistics
Q.11 – Q.35 Carry ONE mark Each
11. The area of the region bounded by the parabola x = −y2 and the line y = x + 2 equals
(A) 3/2
(B) 7/2
(C) 9/2
(D) 9
12. Let A be a 3 × 3 real matrix having eigenvalues 1,0, and −1. If B = A2 + 2A + I3 , where I3 is the 3 × 3 identity matrix, then which one of the following statements is true?
(A) B3 – 5B2 + 4B = 0
(B) B3 – 5B2 – 4B = 0
(C) B3 + 5B2 – 4B = 0
(D) B3 + 5B2 + 4B = 0
13. Consider the following statements.
(I) Let A and B be two n × n real matrices. If B is invertible, then rank(BA) = rank(A).
(II) Let A be an n × n real matrix. If A2x = b has a solution for every b ∈ ℝn, then Ax = b also has a solution for every b ∈ ℝn.
Which of the above statements is/are true?
(A) Only (I)
(B) Only (II)
(C) Both (I) and (II)
(D) Neither (I) nor (II)
14. Consider the probability space (Ω, G, P), where Ω = [0, 2] and G = {ϕ, Ω, [0, 1], (1, 2]}. Let X and Y be two functions on Ω defined as
and
Then which one of the following statements is true?
(A) X is a random variable with respect to G, but Y is not a random variable with respect to G
(B) Y is a random variable with respect to G, but X is not a random variable with respect to G
(C) Neither X nor Y is a random variable with respect to G
(D) Both X and Y are random variables with respect to G
15. Let Φ(∙)denote the cumulative distribution function of a standard normal random variable. If the random variable X has the cumulative distribution function
then which one of the following statements is true?
(A) P(X ≤ −1) = 1/2
(B) P(X = −1) = 1/2
(C) P(X < −1) = 1/2
(D) P(X ≤ 0) = 1/2
16. Let X be a random variable with probability density function
where α > 0 and λ > 0. If the median of X is 1 and the third quantile is 2, then (α, λ) equals
(A) (1, loge 2)
(B) (1, 1)
(C) (2, loge 2)
(D) (1, loge 3)
17. Let X be a random variable having Poisson distribution with mean λ > 0. Then equals
18. Suppose that X has the probability density function
where α > 0 and λ > 0. Which one of the following statements is NOT true?
(A) E(X) exists for all α > 0 and λ > 0
(B) Variance of X exists for all α > 0 and λ > 0
(C) E(1/x) exists for all α > 0 and λ > 0
(D) E(loge(1 + X)) exists for all α > 0 and λ > 0
19. Let (X, Y) have joint probability density function
If E(X|Y = y0) = 1/2, then y0 equals
(A) 3/4
(B) 1/2
(C) 1/3
(D) 2/3
20. Suppose that there are 5 boxes, each containing 3 blue pens, 1 red pen and 2 black pens. One pen is drawn at random from each of these 5 boxes. If the random variable X1 denotes the total number of blue pens drawn and the random variable X2 denotes the total number of red pens drawn, then P(X1 = 2, X2 = 1) equals
(A) 5/36
(B) 5/18
(C) 5/12
(D) 5/9
21. Let {Xn}n ≥ 1 and {Yn}n ≥ 1 be two sequences of random variables and X and Y be two random variables, all of them defined on the same probability space. Which one of the following statements is true?
(A) If {Xn}n ≥ 1 converges in distribution to a real constant c, then {Xn}n ≥ 1 converges in probability to c
(B) If {Xn}n ≥ 1 converges in probability to X, then {Xn}n ≥ 1 converges in 3rd mean to X
(C) If {Xn}n ≥ 1 converges in distributions to X and {Yn}n ≥ 1 converges in distribution to Y, then {Xn + Yn}n ≥ 1 converges in distribution X + Y
(D) If {E{Xn}n ≥ 1} converges to E(X), then {Xn}n ≥ 1 converges in 1st mean to X
22. Let X be a random variable with probability density function
where λ > 0 is an unknown parameter. Let Y1, Y2, …, Yn be a random sample of size n from a population having the same distribution as X2.
If then which one of the following statements is true?
(A) is a method of moments estimator of λ
(B) is a method of moments estimator of λ
(C) is a method of moments estimator of λ
(D) is a method of moments estimator of λ
23. Let X1, X2, …, Xn be a random sample of size n (≥ 2) from a population having probability density function
where θ > 0 is a n unknown parameter. Then which one of the following statements is true?
(A) is the maximum likelihood estimator of θ
(B) is the maximum likelihood estimator of θ
(C) is the maximum likelihood estimator of θ
(D) is the maximum likelihood estimator of θ
24. Let X1, X2, …, Xn be a random sample of size n from a population having uniform distribution over the interval (1/3, θ), where θ > 1/3 is an unknown parameter. If Y = max{X1, X2, …, Xn}, then which one of the following statements is true?
(A) is an unbiased estimator of θ
(B) is an unbiased estimator of θ
(C) is an unbiased estimator of θ
(D) Y is an unbiased estimator of θ
25. Suppose that X1, X2, …, Xn, Y1, Y2, …, Yn are independent and identically distributed random vectors each having Np(μ, ∑) distribution, where ∑ is non-singular, p > 1 and n > 1. If then which one of the following statements is true?
(A) There exists c > 0 such that has χ2-distribution with p degrees of freedom
(B) There exists c > 0 such that has χ2-distribution with (p – 1) degrees of freedom
(C) Thee exists c > 0 such that has χ2-distribution with p degrees of freedom
(D) There exists c > 0 such that has χ2-distribution with p degrees of freedom
26. Consider the following regression model
yk = α0 + α1logek + ϵk, k = 1, 2, …
where ϵk’s are independent and identically distributed random variables each having probability density function Then which one of the following statements is true?
(A) The maximum likelihood estimator of α0 does not exist
(B) The maximum likelihood estimator of α1 does not exist
(C) The least squares estimator of α0 exists and is unique
(D) The least squares estimator of α1 exists, but it is not unique
27. Suppose that X1, X2, …, Xn are independent and identically distributed random variables each having probability density function f(⋅) and median θ. We want to test
H0 : θ = θ0 against H1 : θ > θ0.
Consider a test that rejects H0 if S > c for some 𝑐 depending on the size of the test, where 𝑆 is the cardinality of the set {i: Xi > θ0, 1 ≤ i ≤ n}. Then which one of the following statements is true?
(A) Under H0, the distribution of S depends on f(⋅)
(B) Under H1, the distribution of S does not depend on f(⋅)
(C) The power function depends on θ
(D) The power function does not depend on θ
28. Suppose that x is an observed sample of size 1 from a population with probability density function f(⋅). Based on x, consider testing
against
Then which one of the following statements is true?
(A) The most powerful test rejects H0 if |x| > c for some c > 0
(B) The most powerful test rejects H0 if |x| < c for some c > 0
(C) The most powerful test rejects H0 if ||x| − 1| > c for some c > 0
(D) The most powerful test rejects H0 if ||x| − 1| < c for some c > 0
29. Let f : ℝ2 → ℝ be defined by f(x, y) = xy. Then the maximum value (rounded off to two decimal places) of f on the ellipse x2 + 2y2 = 1 equals __________
30. Let A be a 2 × 2 real matrix such that AB = BA for all 2 × 2 real matrices B. If trace of 𝐴 equals 5, then determinant of A (rounded off to two decimal places) equals ___________
31. Two defective bulbs are present in a set of five bulbs. To remove the two defective bulbs, the bulbs are chosen randomly one by one and tested. If X denotes the minimum number of bulbs that must be tested to find out the two defective bulbs, then P(X = 3) (rounded off to two decimal places) equals ___________
32. Let {Xn}n≥1 be a sequence of independent and identically distributed random variables each having mean 4 and variance 9. If then
(in integer) equals ________
33. Let {Wt}t≥0 be a standard Brownian motion. Then (in integer) equals ________
34. Let {Xn}n≥1 be a Markov chain with state space {1, 2, 3} and transition probability matrix
Then P(X2 = 1 | X1 = 1, X3 = 2) (rounded off to two decimal places) equals ________.
35. Suppose that (X1, X2, X3) has N3(μ, Σ) distribution with
Given that Φ(−0.5) = 0.3085, where Φ(⋅) denotes the cumulative distribution function of a standard normal random variable, P(X1 – 2X2 + 2X3)2 < 7/2) (rounded off to two decimal places) equals _________
Q.36 – Q.65 Carry TWO marks Each
36. Let A be an n × n real matrix. Consider the following statements.
(I) If A is symmetric, then there exists c ≥ 0 such that A + cIn is symmetric and positive definite, where In is the n × n identity matrix.
(II) If A is symmetric and positive definite, then there exists a symmetric and positive definite matrix B such that A = B2.
Which of the above statements is/are true?
(A) Only (I)
(B) Only (II)
(C) Both (I) and (II)
(D) Neither (I) nor (II)
37. Let X be a random variable with probability density function
If Y = loge X, then P(Y < 1 | Y < 2) equals
38. Let {N(t)}t≥0 be a Poisson process with rate 1. Consider the following statements.
(I) P(N(3) = 3|N(5) = 5) =
(II) If S5 denotes the time of occurrence of the 5th event for the above Poisson process, then E(S5|N(5) = 3) = 7.
Which of the above statements is/are true?
(A) Only (I)
(B) Only (II)
(C) Both (I) and (II)
(D) Neither (I) nor (II)
39. Let X1, X2, …, Xn be a random sample of size n from a population having probability density function
where μ ∈ ℝ is an unknown parameter. If is the maximum likelihood estimator of the median of X1, then which one of the following statements is true?
40. Let X1, X2, …, X10 be a random sample of size 10 from a population having N(0, θ2) distribution, where θ > 0 is an unknown parameter.
Let If the mean square error of cT (c > 0), as an estimator of θ2, is minimized at c = c0, then the value of c0 equals
(A) 5/6
(B) 2/3
(C) 3/5
(D) 1/2
41. Suppose that X1, X2, …, X10 are independent and identically distributed random vectors each having N2(μ, ∑) distribution, where ∑ is non-singular. If where
then the value of
equals
(A) −5
(B) −10
(C) −2
(D) −1
42. Suppose that (X, Y) has joint probability mass function
P(X = 0, Y = 0) = P(X = 1, Y = 1) = θ,
P(X = 1, Y = 0) = P(X = 0, Y = 1)
Where 0 ≤ θ 1/2 is an unknown parameter. Consider testing H0 : θ = 1/4 against H1 : θ = 1/3, based on a random sample {(X1, Y1), (X2, Y2), …, (Xn, Yn)} from the above probability mass function. Let M be the cardinality of the set {i : Xi = Yi, 1 ≤ i ≤ n}. If m is the observed value of M, then which one of the following statements is true?
(A) The likelihood ratio test rejects H0 if m > c for some c
(B) The likelihood ratio test rejects H0 if m < c for some c
(C) The likelihood ratio test rejects H0 if c1 < m < c2 for some c1 and c2
(D) The likelihood ratio test rejects H0 if m < c1 or m > c2 for some c1 and c2
43. Let g(x) = f(x) + f(2 − x) for all x ∈ [0, 2] , where f : [0, 2] → ℝ is continuous on [0, 2] and twice differentiable on (0, 2). If g′ denotes the derivative of g and f′′ denotes the second derivative of f, then which one of the following statements is NOT true?
(A) There exists c ∈ (0, 2) such that g′(c) = 0
(B) If f′′ > 0 on (0, 2), then g is strictly decreasing on (0, 1)
(C) If f′′ < 0 on (0, 2), then g is strictly increasing on (1, 2)
(D) If f′′ = 0 on (0, 2), then g is a constant function
44. For any subset 𝒰 of ℝn, let L(𝒰) denote the span of 𝒰. For any two subsets 𝒯 and 𝒮 of ℝn, which one of the following statements is NOT true?
(A) If 𝒯 is a proper subset of 𝒮, then (𝒯) is a proper subset of 𝐿(𝒮)
(B) L(L(𝒮)) = L(𝒮)
(C) L(𝒯 ∪ 𝒮) = {u + v: u ∈ L(𝒯), v ∈ L(𝒮)}
(D) If 𝛼, 𝛽 and 𝛾 are three vectors in ℝ𝑛 such that α + 2β + 3𝛾 = 0, then L({α, β}) = L({β, γ})
45. Let f be a continuous function from [0,1] to the set of all real numbers. Then which one of the following statements is NOT true?
(A) For any sequence {xn}n≥1 in [0, 1], is absolutely convergent
(B) If |f(x)| = 1 for all x ∈ [0, 1], then
(C) If {xn}n≥1 is a sequence in [0, 1] such that {f(xn)}n≥1 is convergent, then {xn}n≥1 is convergent
(D) If f is also monotonically increasing, then the image of f is given by [f(0), f(1)]
46. Let X be a random variable with cumulative distribution function
Which one of the following statements is true?
47. Let (X, Y) have joint probability mass function
Then which one of the following statements is true?
(A) c = 1/2
(B) c = 1/4
(C) c > 1
(D) X and Y are independent
48. Let X1, X2, …, X10 be a random sample of size 10 from a N3(μ, ∑) distribution, where μ and non-singular ∑ are unknown parameters. If
then which one of the following statements is NOT true?
(A) follows a F-distribution with 3 and 2 degrees of freedom
(B) follows a 𝐹-distribution with 2 and 3 degrees of freedom
(C) 4(S1 + S2) follows a Wishart distribution of order 3 with 8 degrees of freedom
(D) 5(S1 + S2) follows a Wishart distribution of order 3 with 10 degrees of freedom
49. Which of the following sets is/are countable?
(A) The set of all functions from {1,2,3,…,10} to the set of all rational numbers
(B) The set of all functions from the set of all natural numbers to {0,1}
(C) The set of all integer valued sequences with only finitely many non-zero terms
(D) The set of all integer valued sequences converging to 1
50. For a given real number a, let a+ = max{a, 0} and a− = max{−a, 0}. If {xn}n≥1 is a sequence of real numbers, then which of the following statements is/are true?
(A) If {xn}n≥1 converges, then both {xn+}n≥1 and {xn−} n≥1 converge
(B) If {xn}n≥1 converges to 0, then both {xn+}n≥1 converge to 0
(C) If both {xn+}n≥1 and {xn−}n≥1 converge, then {xn}n≥1 converges
(D) If {xn2}n≥1 converges, then both {xn+}n≥1 and {xn−}n≥1 converge
51. Let A be a 3 × 3 real matrix such that and
Then which of the following statements is/are true?
52. Let X be a positive valued continuous random variable with finite mean. If Y = [X], the largest integer less than or equal to X, then which of the following statements is/are true?
(A) P(Y ≤ u) ≤ P(x ≤ u) for all u ≥ 0
(B) P(Y ≥ u) ≤ P(X ≥ u) for all u ≥ 0
(C) E(X) < E(Y)
(D) E(X) > E(Y)
53. Let X be a random variable with probability density function
For a < 𝑏, if U(a, b) denotes the uniform distribution over the interval (a, b), then which of the following statements is/are true?
(A) e−X follows U(−1, 0) distribution
(B) 1 – e−X follows U(0, 2) distribution
(C) 2e−X – 1 follows U(−1, 1) distribution
(D) The probability mass function of Y = [X] is P(Y = k) = (1 – e−1)e−k for k = 0, 1, 2, …, where [x] denotes the largest integer not exceeding x
54. Suppose that X is a discrete random variable with the following probability mass function
Which of the following statements is/are true?
(A) E(X) = 1
(B) E(X) < 1
(C) E(X|X > 0) < 1/2
(D) E(X|X > 0) > 1/2
55. Suppose that U and V are two independent and identically distributed random variables each having probability density function
where λ > 0. Which of the following statements is/are true?
(A) The distribution of U−V is symmetric about 0
(B) The distribution of 𝑈𝑉 does not depend on λ
(C) The distribution of U/V does not depend on λ
(D) The distribution of U/V is symmetric about 1
56. Let (X, Y) have joint probability mass function
Then which of the following statements is/are true?
(A) E(X|Y = 4) = 2
(B) The moment generating function of Y is for all v ∈ ℝ
(C) E(X) = 2
(D) The joint moment generating function of (X, Y) is for all (u, v) ∈ ℝ2
57. Let {Xn}n≥1 be a sequence of independent and identically distributed random variables with mean 0 and variance 1, all of them defined on the same probability space. For n =1, 2, 3, …, let
Then which of the following statements is/are true?
(A) {√nYn}n≥1 converges in distribution to a standard normal random variable
(B) {Yn}n≥1 converges in 2nd mean to 0
(C) converges in probability to 0
(D) {Xn}n≥1 converges almost surely to 0
58. Consider the following regression model
yt = α0 + α1t + α2t2 + ϵt, t = 1, 2, …, 100,
where α0, α1 and α2 are unknown parameters and ϵt’s are independent and identically distributed random variables each having N(μ,1) distribution with μ ∈ ℝ unknown. Then which of the following statements is/are true?
(A) There exists an unbiased estimator of α1
(B) There exists an unbiased estimator of α2
(C) There exists an unbiased estimator of α0
(D) There exists an unbiased estimator of μ
59. Consider the orthonormal set
with respect to the standard inner product on ℝ3. If is the vector such that inner products of u with v1, v2 and v3 are 1, 2 and 3, respectively, then a2 + b2 + c2 (in integer) equals ____________
60. Consider the probability space (Ω, G, P), where Ω = {1, 2, 3, 4}, G = {ϕ, Ω, {1}, {4}, {2, 3}, {1, 4}, {1, 2, 3}, {2, 3, 4}}, and P({1}) = 1/4. Let X be the random variable defined on the above probability space as X(1) = 1, X(2) = X(3) = 2 and X(4) = 3. If P (X ≤ 2) = 3/4, then P({1, 4}) (rounded off to two decimal places) equals ________
61. Let {Xn}n≥1 be a sequence of independent and identically distributed random variables each having probability density function
For n ≥ 1, let Yn = |X2n − X2n – 1|. for n ≥ 1 and
converges in distribution to a normal random variable with mean 0 and variance σ2, then σ2 (rounded off to two decimal places) equals ______________
62. Consider a birth-death process on the state space {0, 1, 2, 3}. The birth rates are given by λ0 = 1, λ1 = 1, λ2 = 2 and λ3 = 0. The death rates are given by μ0 = 0, μ1 = 1, μ2 = 1 and μ3 = 1. If [π0 + π1 + π2 + π3] is the unique stationary distribution, then π0 + 2π1 + 3π2 + 4π3 (rounded off to two decimal places) equals _________
63. Let {−1, −1/2, 1, 5/2, 3} be a realization of a random sample of size 5 from a population having N(1/2, σ2) distribution, where σ > 0 is an unknown parameter. Let T be an unbiased estimator of σ2 whose variance attains the Cramer-Rao lower bound. Then based on the above data, the realized value of T (rounded off to two decimal places) equals _______
64. Let C be a random sample of size 1 from a population with cumulative distribution function
where θ > 0 is an unknown parameter. To test H0 : θ = 1 against H1: θ = 2, consider using the critical region {x ∈ ℝ : x < 0.5}. If α and β denote the level and power of the test, respectively, then α + β (rounded off to two decimal places) equals ____________
65. Let {0.13, 0.12, 0.78, 0.51} be a realization of a random sample of size 4 from a population with cumulative distribution function F(⋅). Consider testing
Let D denote the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test statistic. If P(D > 0.669) = 0.01 under H0 and
then based on the given data, the observed value of D + ψ (rounded off to two decimal places) equals ___________