YAVA (Whole Plant)
Yava consists of dried whole plant of Hordeum vulgare Linn. Syn. H. sativum Pers. (Fam. Poacem), an annual, erect, herb, 50 to 100 cm high, cultivated chiefly in North India, for its de husked fruits known as Barley in trade.
SYNONYMS
Sanskrit : Divya
Assamese : —
Bengali : Jab, Jau, Yava
English : Barley
Gujrati : Jau, Java, Jau
Hindi : Yay, Jav, Jau
Kannada : Jave godi, Barli Akki
Kashmiri : —
Malayalam : Yavam, Baarli, Barley
Marathi : Jav
Oriya : Jav, Javadhana, Yava, Bansa
Punjabi : Jav, Jau
Tamil : Barliarisi, Yavam
Telugu : Yavalu, Barlibiyam, Tella Tumma, Barley
Urdu : Jau
DESCRIPTION
a) Macroscopic
Root – Fibrous, 0.5 to 1 cm thick; cylindrical, glabrous, greyish-brown.
Stem – Cylindrical, 0.4 to 0.6 cm thick; hollow, slightly flattened, smooth; internode long, shining yellow; node short, bearing sheath; fracture, fibrous.
Leaf – Linear-Ianceolate, 15 to 25 cm long, upper one dose to the spike; sheath smooth, striate; yellowish-grey. Inflorescence – Spike, terminal, linear-oblong, compressed spikelet sessile, 6 to 8 cm long, 6-rowed type; dark cream.
Fruit – A caryopsis, elliptic, oblong, ovoid and tapering at both ends; smooth, about 1 cm long and 0.2 to 0.3 cm wide; dorsally compressed and flattened on the sides with a shallow longitudinal furrow; 3 to 5 ridged having shallow depression between them; grains tightly enclosed and adhering to the lemma and palea; a long awn present on the palea; pale greenish-yellow; taste, sweetish acrid.
b) Microscopic
Root – Shows single layered epidermis, covered by striated cuticle; cortex composed of about 4 to 6 layers of round to polygonal, thin-walled, parenchymatous cells having intercellular spaces; vascular bundles arranged in discontinuous ring, each having usual elements; pith very wide composed of round to polygonal thin-walled, parenchymatous cells having intercellular spaces.
Stem – Shows single layered epidermis, covered by thick cuticle; hypodermis composed of 5 to 6 layered, round to polygonal, lignified, sclerenchymatous cells; ground tissue consisting of 5 to 7 layered, round to polygonal, thin-walled, parenchymatous cells having intercellular spaces; vascular bundles containing of usual elements found scattered in ground tissues.
Leaf – Shows single layered epidermis covered by thick cuticle on either surface; a few big or bulliform cells are present in upper and lower epidermis, mesophyll not differentiated into palisade and spongy parenchyma; vascular bundles conjoint, collateral, closed, each covered by bundle sheath; stomata paracytic, present on both surfaces; stomatal number 9 to 17 per sq. mm on lower surface. 5 to 8 per sq. mm on upper surface; stomatal index 15 to 23 on lower surface, 9 to 15 upper surface.
Fruit -shows single layered epidermis consisting of crescent-shaped, round to oval wavy walled cells, followed by 2 or 3 layers of thick-walled, sclerenchymatous fibres; below the sclerenchyma are present irregular, square or quadrilateral, spongy parenchymatous cells, a few cell walls having silica bodies through which run the fibro-vascular bundles of the ribs, followed by more or less, polygonal inner epidermal cells, a few inner epidermal cells having unicellular claw-shaped hair and stomata; pericarp composed of cells with more or less compressed parenchymatous cells; seed coat appears as a colourless line; perisperm composed of cells with more or less wavy walls having narrow lumens; endosperm divided into two zones, 2 to 4 cells deep aleurone layers, and the rest starch layers; starch grains simple, round to oval, measuring 3 to 30 n in dia.
Powder – Light creamish-yellow; shows fragments of epidermal cells, parenchyma, groups of tubular, elongated lignified cells, polygonal, thin-walled parenchymatous epidermal cells of palea with intercellular spaces, in surface view, thin-walled, conical trichomes with large lumen, measuring 30 to 180 n in length and upto 20 n in width and stomata, selerenchymatous fibres, scalariform vessels, abundant round to oval, simple starch grains having concentric striations, measuring 3 to 30 n in dia.
IDENTITY, PURITY AND STRENGTH
Foreign matter Not more than 1 per cent, Appendix 2.2.2.
Total Ash Not more than 8.5 per cent, Appendix 2.2.3.
Acid-insoluble ash Not more than 4 per cent, Appendix 2.2.4.
Alcohol-soluble extractive Not less than 7 per cent, Appendix 2.2.6.
Water-soluble extractive Not less than 8 per cent, Appendix 2.2.7.
T.L.C.
T.L.C. of alcoholic extract on Silica gel ‘G’ using n-Butanol : Acetic acid : Water (4:1:5) shows under U.V. (366nm) nine fluorescent zones at Rf. 0.15, 0.28, 0.42, 0.52, 0.59, 0.67, 0.85, 0.93 and 0.96 (all blue). On exposure to Iodine vapour nine spots appear at Rf. 0.10, 0.15, 0.39, 0.48, 0.56, 0.67, 0.85, 0.93 and 0.96 (all yellow). On spraying with 5% Phosphomolybdic acid reagent and heating the plate for fifteen minutes at 105oC nine spots appear at Rf. 0.10, 0.24. 0.39, 0.48, 0.56, 0.67, 0.85, 0.93 and 0.96 (all blue).
CONSTITUENTS – Proteins, Carbohydrate, free Amino-acids, Vitamins, Tannins and Flavonoid glycosides-Luteolin and Orientin.
PROPERTIES AND ACTION
Rasa : Madhura
Guna : Ruksa, Mrdu, Aguru
Virya : Sita
Vipaka : Katu
Karma : Kaphapittahara, Lekhana, Medohara, Medhyavardhaka, Svara Vardhaka, Vatahara, Vrsya, Vrna Vardhaka
IMPORTANT FORMULATIONS – (No Formulations)
THERAPEUTIC USES – Kasa, Pinasa, Svasa, Urusthambha
DOSE – 10-20 gm.
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