bn Mishra

ORGANIC CHEMISTRY 

 Principles  Related  to  Practical  Chemistry

•  Detection of extra elements (N,S, halogens) in organic compounds; Detection of the following functional groups: hydroxyl (alcoholic and phenolic), carbonyl (aldehyde and ketone), carboxyl and amino groups in organic compounds.
•  Chemistry involved in the preparation of the following: Inorganic compounds: Mohr’s salt, potash alum.
• Organic compounds: Acetanilide, pnitroacetanilide, aniline yellow, iodoform.
• Chemistry involved in the titrimetric excercises – Acids bases and the use of indicators, oxalic-acid vs KMnO4, Mohr’s salt vs KMnO4.
•  Chemical principles involved in the qualitative salt analysis: Cations – Pb2+ , Cu2+, AI3+, Fe3+, Zn2+, Ni2+, Ca2+, Ba2+, Mg2+, NH4+.
• Anions- CO3 2-, S2-, SO4 2-, NO2-, NO3-, CI -, Br, I. (Insoluble salts excluded).

•  Chemical principles involved in the following experiments:

1. Enthalpy of solution of CuSO4

2. Enthalpy of neutralization of strong acid and strong base.

3. Preparation of lyophilic and lyophobic sols.

4. Kinetic study of reaction of iodide ion with hydrogen peroxide at room temperature.

ORGANIC CHEMISTRY 

 Chemistry  in  Everyday  Life

Chemicals in medicines – Analgesics, tranquilizers, antiseptics, disinfectants, antimicrobials, antifertility drugs, antibiotics, antacids, antihistamins – their meaning and common examples.

Chemicals in food – Preservatives, artificial sweetening agents – common examples.

Cleansing agents – Soaps and detergents, cleansing action.

ORGANIC CHEMISTRY 

 Biomolecules

General introduction and importance of biomolecules.

CARBOHYDRATES – Classification: aldoses and ketoses; monosaccharides (glucose and fructose) and constituent monosaccharides of oligosacchorides (sucrose, lactose and maltose).

PROTEINS – Elementary Idea of ı – amino acids, peptide bond, polypeptides;

Proteins: primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary structure (qualitative idea only), denaturation of proteins, enzymes.

VITAMINS – Classification and functions.

NUCLEIC ACIDS – Chemical constitution of DNA and RNA.

Biological functions of nucleic acids.

ORGANIC CHEMISTRY 

 Polymers

General introduction and classification of polymers, general methods of polymerization-addition and condensation, copolymerization;

Natural and synthetic rubber and vulcanization; some important polymers with emphasis on their monomers and uses – polythene, nylon, polyester and bakelite.

ORGANIC CHEMISTRY 

 Organic  Compounds  Containing  Nitrogen

General methods of preparation, properties, reactions and uses.

Amines: Nomenclature, classification, structure, basic character and identification of primary, secondary and tertiary amines and their basic character.

Diazonium Salts: Importance in synthetic organic chemistry.

ORGANIC CHEMISTRY 

Organic  Compounds  Containing  Oxygen

General methods of preparation, properties, reactions and uses.

ALCOHOLS, PHENOLS AND ETHERS

Alcohols: Identification of primary, secondary and tertiary alcohols; mechanism of dehydration.

Phenols: Acidic nature, electrophilic substitution reactions: halogenation, nitration and sulphonation, Reimer – Tiemann reaction.

Ethers: Structure.

Aldehyde and Ketones: Nature of carbonyl group;Nucleophilic addition to >C=O group, relative reactivities of aldehydes and ketones; Important reactions such as – Nucleophilic addition reactions (addition of HCN, NH3 and its derivatives),

Grignard reagent; oxidation; reduction (Wolff Kishner and Clemmensen); acidity of ı – hydrogen, aldol condensation, Cannizzaro reaction, Haloform reaction; Chemical tests to distinguish between aldehydes and Ketones.

CARBOXYLIC ACIDS

Acidic strength and factors affecting it.

ORGANIC CHEMISTRY

 Organic  Compounds  Containing  Halogens

General methods of preparation, properties and reactions; Nature of C-X bond;

Mechanisms of substitution reactions.

Uses; Environmental effects of chloroform & iodoform.

ORGANIC CHEMISTRY

 Hydrocarbons

Classification, isomerism, IUPAC nomenclature, general methods of preparation, properties and reactions.

Alkanes – Conformations: Sawhorse and Newman projections (of ethane);

Mechanism of halogenation of alkanes.

Alkenes – Geometrical isomerism; Mechanism of electrophilic addition: addition of hydrogen, halogens, water, hydrogen halides (Markownikoff’s and peroxide effect); Ozonolysis and polymerization.

Alkynes – Acidic character; Addition of hydrogen, halogens, water and hydrogen halides; Polymerization.

Aromatic hydrocarbons – Nomenclature, benzene – structure and aromaticity;

Mechanism of electrophilic substitution: halogenation, nitration, Friedel – Craft’s alkylation and acylation, directive influence of functional group in monosubstituted benzene.

ORGANIC CHEMISTRY

 Some  Basic  Principles  of  Organic  Chemistry

Tetravalency of carbon; Shapes of simple molecules – hybridization (s and p);

Classification of organic compounds based on functional groups: – C = C – , – Ch C – and those containing halogens, oxygen, nitrogen and sulphur;

Homologous series; Isomerism – structural and stereoisomerism.

Nomenclature (Trivial and IUPAC)

Covalent bond fission – Homolytic and heterolytic: free radicals, carbocations and carbanions; stability of carbocations and free radicals, electrophiles and nucleophiles.

Electronic displacement in a covalent bond – Inductive effect, electromeric effect, resonance and hyperconjugation.

ORGANIC CHEMISTRY

 Purification and Characterisation of  Organic  Compounds

• Purification – Crystallization, sublimation, distillation, differential extraction and chromatography – principles and their applications.
• Qualitative analysis – Detection of nitrogen, sulphur, phosphorus and halogens.
• Quantitative analysis (basic principles only) – Estimation of carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, halogens, sulphur, phosphorus.
• Calculations of empirical formulae and molecular formulae; Numerical problems in organic quantitative analysis.

INORGANIC CHEMISTRY 

 Environmental Chemistry

• Environmental pollution – Atmospheric, water and soil.
• Atmospheric pollution – Tropospheric and Stratospheric
• Tropospheric pollutants – Gaseous pollutants: Oxides of carbon, nitrogen and sulphur, hydrocarbons; their sources, harmful effects and prevention; Green house effect and Global warming; Acid rain;
• Particulate pollutants: Smoke, dust, smog, fumes, mist; their sources, harmful effects and prevention.
• Stratospheric pollution- Formation and breakdown of ozone, depletion of ozone layer – its mechanism and effects.
• Water Pollution – Major pollutants such as, pathogens, organic wastes and chemical pollutants; their harmful effects and prevention.
• Soil pollution – Major pollutants such as: Pesticides (insecticides,. herbicides and fungicides), their harmful effects and prevention.
• Strategies to control environmental pollution.