CBSE

CBSE Class 1 Mathematics Syllabus

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CBSE Class I Mathematics:

CBSE Class 1:

             CBSE Class 1 students have various subjects like Mathematics, Science, English, Computer and Hindi. Among this, let us check the details about the CBSE Mathematics below:

 

Chapters covered in CBSE Class I Mathematics:

                         Math is a very important subject to trigger the brain right from the childhood. Students get familiar with this subject right from their younger age through counting and number systems. Keeping this in mind, CBSE board has developed suitable Mathematics syllabus for every Classes. Through CBSE Class I Math, students get adapted to a sequential system of learning math which can make them to learn it comfortable. With few small examples and simple exercises, CBSE trains even the small kid to brilliantly solve the mathematical questions.

Thus, let us check the chapters covered in the CBSE Class 1 Mathematics here:

  • Shapes and Spaces:

     Students are trained to find out various shapes and sizes. In addition to this, they are trained to know the special relations such as Top, bottom, under, above, near, far, before, etc.

Example:

               Shapes like Hexagon, square, pentagon, cube, oval and various other shapes are trained through real time objects.

Exercises for this chapter:

  1. Students have to collect different objects from the surroundings such as stones, pebbles, cones, pipes and name their shapes in their notes.
  2. They are taught to observe the effects caused due to rolling and sliding of the shaped objects.
  3. Sorts and finds out the 2D objects which are made out of card board.

 

  • Number system:

     Developing the knowledge in counting and numbering systems. They are taught to count from one to hundred at this stage.

Exercises for this chapter:

  1. Counts the number of toys, dolls which are in their surroundings.
  2. Recognizes and speaks numbers from 1 to 9.
  3. Forms number sequence from 10 to 20.
  4. Knows the difference between group of tens and ones in numbering system.
  5. Writes the numerals from 11 to 19. Also, spells the numerals.

 

  • Addition and Subtraction:

             Addition and Subtraction is rather an important part in mathematics. Students are taught to add and subtract using the real objects and pictures. Learns to add and subtract the numbers upto 20. Knows the importance of Zero in addition and subtraction.

      For example:

       5+5=10

       5-5=0

 

  • Telling time:
  1. Knows the importance of time. Learns to check the events occurring earlier and later.
  2. Introduction to time. Difference between morning, afternoon, day and night.
  3. Reading the clock.
  4. Understanding which activities takes longer time.
  5. Difference between analog and digital clocks.
  6. Sequencing student activities according to the time occurrence.

Examples:

  1. The time now is 8 o’ Clock.
  2. 1 minute is equal to 60 seconds.
  3. 60 minutes is one hour.

 

  • Days, weeks, months patterns:

               Students are taught the basic things in Days, months and week patterns.

Exercises:

  1. Students are taught that there are 12 months in a year, 4 weeks in a month and each week has 7 days.
  2. Learn the names of the months and days.
  3. Exercises given to identify the month and day.

               Example:

  1. The day after Sunday is Monday.
  2. Number of days in the month of January is 31.

 

  • Money:

           Students are trained to identify common currencies and notes. Learns the importance of currency and different values of Indian currencies. Adds and subtracts few sums of money.

Example:

  1. Father has a balance of 10 rupees after he purchased shampoo for Rs.10 from the total money Rs.20.

20-10=10

 

  • Measurement:
  1. Differentiates between near, far, thick, thin, longer, shorter, high and low.
  2. Exercises are given to find out the longer and shorter distance, higher and lower prices, thicker and thinner persons, etc.

                Example:

  1. Meera is shorter than Latha with pictures.
  2. Milk is costlier than egg with pictures and numbers.

 

  • Data handling:
  1. Counting letters in a name.
  2. Grouping names with the same number of letters
  3. Counting and recognizing shapes, etc.,

                   Example:

  1. Total number of letters in “welcome” is 7.
  2. Sample of 4 letter words are “Good”, “Best”, “Baby”, etc.,
  3. There are 3 squares and 2 ovals in this picture.

These are the topics which are covered for the Class 1 CBSE students.

 

CBSE Class 3 Mathematics Syllabus

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CBSE Class 3 Mathematics:

              When compared to CBSE Class 3, CBSE Class 2 Mathematics covered various simple topics on Addition, subtraction, multiplication without carry, place value in numbering system, simple division, etc., But in CBSE Class 3, next level mathematics is taught to enhance and trigger the brain of the child. For this, they have included the portions just similar to that of Class 1 and Class 2 but in little higher level. Among all the subjects of CBSE Class 3 like Mathematics, Science, Hindi and English let us check out the syllabus of Mathematics below.

 

CBSE Class 3 syllabus:

             They cover similar syllabus just like that as Class 2 and Class 1.

  • Numbers:

           Children are taught to write the series of numbers up to 9999 in Class 3. Also, they are trained to pronounce and write the compact and expanded form of such numbers.

Topics covered:

  1. Compact and expanded forms of numerals
  2. Roman numerals
  3. Ascending and descending order of the numbers
  4. Rounding off
  5. Place value
  6. Equivalent numerical names

        Examples:

  1. Fill up the missing numerals:
  • 200 _ _ _ _ 205
  • 345_347_ _ 350
  • 34_ _ _ 38_ _ 41

        Answer:

  • 200 201 202 203 204 205
  • 345 346 347 348 349 350
  • 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41
  1. Write the equivalent number names for the following:
  • 199 = One hundred and ninety nine
  • 214 = Two hundred and fourteen
  • 3450 = Three thousand four hundred and fifty
  1. Write the equivalent numerals for the number names
  • Three hundred and sixty six = 366
  • Four hundred and thirty five = 435
  • Two thousand six hundred and thirty five = 2635
  1. Roman numeral VI ______ than VIII
  • < 
  • > 
  • =

               Answer: <

  1. How would you write ten in roman letter?
  • X
  • XII
  • V

                 Answer: X

 

  • Addition and Subtraction:

                 Addition and Subtraction are rather important chapters for a growing child which triggers his/her brain to solve the questions. In class 1 and class 2, addition and subtraction were little simpler with simple two digit and three digit additions and simple word problems. But in class 3, next level of addition such as four digit addition, subtraction with or without borrowing, addition and subtraction word problems are covered.

Examples:

  1. Answer the following:
  • 8789 + 5674 = ?
  • 567 + 4563 = ?

    Answer:

  • 14463
  • 5130
  1. Find 6090 – ______ = 5590

    Answer:

  • 500

 

  • Multiplication and Division:

         Covers the topics such as counting using rows and columns, multiplication tables from 2 to 7, multiplying by 1, multiplying by 0, grid multiplication and word problems in multiplication. In division it covers, division by 10 and 100, division with two digit number, multiplication and division mixed problems, division word problems, etc.

Examples:

  1. 500 pencils are shared among 5 students of the classroom equally. How many pencils did each one get?

Answer: 100

  1. There are 20 bags of apples. Each bag contains 100 apples. Totally how many apples are there?

Answer: 2000

 

  • Fractions:

         Fractions are the important part of mathematics and it is very important to understand it clearly. Fraction comes as proper and improper fraction. The terms numerator and denominator are very important in the concepts of fraction.

Numerator = Number that is above the fraction line. Example: 2 in 2/3

Denominator= Number that is below the fraction line. Example: 3 in 2/3

Proper fraction has numerator smaller than the denominator whereas improper fraction has numerator larger than denominator. An improper fraction can be converted into a mixed fraction having a proper fraction and integral part. Fractions can be added, subtracted, divided and also multiplied.

Examples:

  1. Find out the fraction of vowels in the word “GREAT”?

Answer:

2/5

  1. There are totally 5 glasses of water in the table. Geetha drank 3 glasses of water. What is the fraction of water did geetha drink?

Answer:

3/5

 

  • Rupees and paise:

     Students are taught how to spend their own money and how to add, subtract, multiply and divide with their own money.

Examples:

  1. 6 Rupees is equal to _______ paise

Answer: 360 Paise

  1. 35 is equal to ______ paise

Answer: 575 Paise

  1. 675 paise is equal to _____ rupees

Answer: Rs.11.25

 

  • Time and Date:

         Topics covered such as Time taken to finish a task, puzzles for young minds, understanding the calendar, reading the clock and differentiate between AM and PM, etc.

Examples:

  1. How many rounds does an hour hand complete in a day?

Answer: 2 rounds

  1. What is the exact time taken by the minute hand to move from one number to the next number?

Answer: 5 minutes

 

  • Shapes and their properties:

               Topics covered such as different shapes and sizes, properties of shapes, edges and corners, vertices and surface, review of shapes and sizes, etc.,

Examples:

  1. Which of the following options are measured in cms and m?
  • Length of the banana
  • Height of your father
  • Distance from home to office

         Answers:

  • In cms
  • In cms
  • In meters
  1. Mention the length of the objects surrounding you:
  • Pen
  • Sharperner
  • Spoon

             Answers:

  • 10 cms
  • 3 cms
  • 8-9 cms

 

  • Measurement of length, mass and capacity:

              The basic things like standard unit of length, standard unit of mass, standard unit of capacity, converting meter to centi-meter, milli-meter and kilometer, etc are taught in this section. Students are given the basic understanding that the length of the pencil is measured in centi-meters whereas the distance between two places are measured in meters. Similarly, they are also taught how to measure the mass (in terms of kgs) and capacity (in terms of ml and l).

Examples:

  1. 18 L = _____ ml

Answer: 18000

  1. My mother is making noodles for dinner. Each noodles packet weighs 500g. How many grams of noodles will be there in 6 packets.

Answer: 3000 grams

  1. Add 85m 25cm and 56 m 44 cm and write the answer:

Answer: 141m 69 cm

 

  • Smart charts:

             Pictorial representation of collection of data is called as charts. Topics which are covered are drawing simple charts with two or multiple columns, reviewing simple graphs, pictograph, etc.

Examples:

  1. Answer the questions according to the datas given below:
  • Painting : 10

Dancing: 8

Music: 5

Craft: 15

Cycling: 13

Gardening: 14

Stamp collection: 10

Reading: 9

     Questions:

  1. Which is the most popular hobby?

Answer: Craft

  1. Which is the least popular hobby?

Answer: Music

  1. What is the difference between the number of students interested in Stamp collection and Dancing?

Answer: 2

 

  • Play with patterns:

             This section covers topics such as understanding pattern around us, detecting the number patterns, arranging in alphabetical order, skip counting, growing patterns and even odd patterns.

Examples:

  1. Arrange the following names in alphabetical order:
  • Abinay
  • Xavier
  • Harish

               Answer:

  • Abinay
  • Harish
  • Xavier
  1. Complete the following numerical patterns:
  • 98,198,298,398,_

                 Answer:

  • 98,198,298,398,498

Thus, these are the topics covered in CBSE Class 3 Mathematics.

CBSE Class 2 Mathematics Syllabus

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CBSE Class 2 Mathematics:

                     Just like CBSE Class 1 Subjects, Class 2 includes subjects such as Mathematics, English, Hindi and others. In Class 1, students are taught some basic topics in all the above subjects whereas in Class 2, subjects are going to get little deeper than Class 1.

                    Among all the subjects like Mathematics, English, Science and Hindi let’s get a deeper look into “Mathematics” and its syllabus for CBSE Class 2 students.

 

Syllabus for CBSE Class 2 Mathematics:

  • Numbers:

                Understanding the sequence of numbers, names of the number and grouping the numbers. The topics which are covered under the “Number system” are:

  • Introduction to counting the numbers in groups
  • Looking and guessing the numbers
  • Formation of things in group
  • Concept of Greater than(>) and Lesser than(<) symbols
  • Order of numbers
  • Names of the numbers (up to 9999)
  • Formation of ascending/descending order of numbers.
  • Learning about odd and even numbers
  • Comparing numbers (After/before/in between)

 

      Examples:

  1. Write the below numbers in words:
  • 33
  • 406
  • 345

     Answers:

  • Thirty Three
  • Four hundred and Six
  • Three hundred forty five
  1. Circle the numbers that are more than 234:
  • 235
  • 233
  • 222

     Answers:

  • 235
  1. Arrange the following numbers in ascending and descending order:
  • 45,78,13,9,5,64,79,109 (in ascending order)
  • 67,87,34,12,09,7,1,45 (In descending order)

     Answers:

  • 5,9,13,45,64,78,79,109
  • 87,67,45,34,12,09,7,1
  1. Write the numerals for the following number names:
  • Forty six
  • Sixty seven
  • Thirty two

    Answers:

  • 44
  • 67
  • 32
  1. Fill in the blanks:
  • 50 + 20 + 6= _ + 20 + 50
  • 12 + 13 + 4 = 13 + _ + 12
  • 7 + 5 + 7 = 7 + 7 + _

    Answers:

  • 50 + 20 +6= 6 +20 +50
  • 12 + 13 + 4= 13 + 4 +12
  • 7 + 5 +7= 7 + 7 + 5

 

  • Place value:

                Students have to know the importance of the place values in the numbering system and they should be able to identify whether the place value is “Ones”, “Tens” or “Hundreds”.

For example, in a two digit number, the position of each digit gives its values. In 25, it has 2 tens and 5 ones.

Examples:

  1. Write the place value for the following numbers:
  • 235
  • 789
  • 603

            Answers:

  • 2 is in hundreds place
  • 8 is in tens place
  • 3 is in ones place
  1. Compete the following:
  • 5 tens + 2 ones
  • 4 tens + 4 ones
  • 5 hundreds + 3 tens + 2 ones

            Answers:

  • 52
  • 44
  • 532

 

  • Skip counting:

       Skip counting means finding the next number in the series. For example, in the series of 10, 20, 30…the next number which comes is “40” and “50” respectively.

Examples:

  1. Fill up the blanks with skip counting:
  • 5,15,20…..50?

                 Answers:

  • 5, 15, 20, 25, 30,35,40,45, 50.
  1. Fill up the following series:
  • 2, 12, 22,…?

                       Answers:

  • 2, 12,22, 32,42,52

 

  • Addition and Subtraction:

                 In CBSE Class 1, students would have learnt only basics in addition and subtraction. But in Class 2, students are taught to solve word problems in addition and subtraction. In Class 2, students learn to add or subtract a number using zero, observes commutative property of addition through patterns, solves problems described through pictures and verbal description. Other topics covered are Addition with carry over, adding 4 digit numbers, adding two digit numbers, addition word problems, etc.,

Examples:

  1. 10 -10=0
  2. 9-2=7
  3. 435+100=535

 

  • Multiplication and Division:

         The topics which are covered here are multiplication without carry, multiplication tables of 2,3,4,5,6, etc., skip counting to multiply and simple division.

Examples:

  1. Fill up the following:
  • 5 * 10 = _
  • 4 * 3= _
  • 3 * 9 =_

     Answers:

  • 50
  • 12
  • 27
  1. 450 * 10 = 4510
  2. 16 % 4 =4
  3. 25 % 5=5

 

  • Money:

           Learns to identify important currencies, coins, etc., Adds and subtracts money through mental arithmetic.

Examples:

  1. Write the amount in words:
  • 50 = Seventy six rupee and 50 paisa
  1. Write the amount in figures:

Five hundred and sixty six rupees and 10 paisa = Rs.566.10

 

  • Time and date, calendar:

            Students are taught basic things about year, month, days. They should have a clear understanding that 12 months are in a year, 7 days form a week and 4 week for every month, etc.,

Examples:

  1. Differentiate the months and days below:
  • January
  • Monday
  • Tuesday

        Answer:

  • January is the name of the month
  • Monday is the name of the day
  • Tuesday is also the name of the day
  1. The longer hand of the clock is called as Minute hand.
  2. A leap year has 366 days.
  3. Which month comes before March? February
  4. Which is the first month of the year? January

 

  • Basic shapes, symmetry in everyday life:

  Learns to identify 3-d shapes of rectangle, triangle, cuboid, cylinder, cone and sphere.

Examples:

  1. A closed figure with four equal sides is said to be a Cube
  2. A bangle is in the shape of

 

  • Lines:

           Learns to identify the differences of vertical, horizontal and straight lines.

Examples:

  1. Please identify the number of vertical lines in the given picture.

 

  • Word problems based on Addition and Subtraction:

Along with solving small problems in addition and subtraction, students are trained to solve word problems in addition and subtraction areas.

Examples:

  1. Latha has 25 apple sweets and 15 orange sweets. Totally how many sweets does she have?

        Answer:  40

  1. Seetha has 20 stamps out which she gave 5 stamps to rama. Now, how many stamps does seetha have?

          Answer:  15

 

  • Measurement of Mass, Length, capacity:

     Learns to measure the lengths in units, measure the mass in terms of internal volume, and compares one or more objects with their weights.

Measurement of Mass:

          Using the formulas of simple balance calculates the weight of given objects. Also differentiates between heavier and lighter objects.

Measurement of Length:

          Using simple units to measure length, calculates an objects Length.

Measurement of Weights:

         Calculates volume of the containers using simple formulas of calculating volume.

Examples:

  1. Length of the boundary of the wall is measured in
  • m
  • Kg
  • l

           Answers:  M (Meter)

  1. A teaspoon of medicine is measured in
  • l
  • ml
  • cm

             Answer:   ml (milli litre)

  1. Your weight is measured in
  • g
  • kg
  • l

            Answer:  Kg (Kilo gram)

Thus, above are the syllabus covered under the CBSE Class 2 Mathematics.

 

 

CBSE Class 10 Science Syllabus

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CBSE Class 10 Science:

             CBSE Class 10 Science syllabus is divided into two terms such as Term 1 and Term 2. Term 1 includes the following topics such as:

Term 1:

  • Chemical substances- Nature and behavior
  • World of living
  • Effects of current
  • Natural resources

Term 2 includes topics such as:

  • Chemical substances-Nature and Behavior (Continued)
  • World of Living (Continued)
  • Natural Phenomena
  • Natural Resources (Continued)

The above syllabus in detail are:

 

  • Chemical Substances- Nature and Behavior:

             In first Term the above chapter covers the topics such as Chemical reactions, acids, bases and salts, metals and non-metals. In the second Term it covers the chapter such as Chemical substances-Nature and Behavior, Periodic classification of elements.

Chemical reactions:

               This chapter explains about the chemical reactions that occur naturally on any given substance. For example, when milk left at the room temperature during summers will turn it from its original nature, why grapes gets fermented and how foods are digested in our body. Thus, a chemical reaction can be defined as a process of conversion or transformation of a set of substances into another form. It is represented by a chemical equation which represents reactants, products and their physical states symbolically.

Any chemical equation is always in a balanced state so that the number of atoms of each type of reactant remains the same on the reactant and product sides of the equation.

The major topics which are covered under this chapter are

  • Chemical equations and balanced chemical equations
  • Types of chemical reactions
  • Effects of oxidation in everyday life
  • Understanding and writing chemical reactions

       Acids, Bases and Salts:

                             This is a chapter which indicates the different taste that occurs in the food substances

         because of the acids and bases.

       Some of the examples of acids and bases reactions are

  1. Acids when reacts with a metal, hydrogen gas is evolved and a corresponding salt is formed.
  2. When an acid reacts with the metal carbonate or metal hydrogen carbonate, it gives the corresponding salts, carbon dioxide and water.

A scale called as pH scale is used for testing the strength of the acid or alkali. This chapter also covers various topics on preparation and properties of beaching powder, washing soda, plaster of paris, common salt and baking soda.

Metals and non-metals:

                     Metals are ductile, malleable and are good conductors of heat and electricity. Except the metal Mercury, almost all metals are solids at the room temperature. The extraction of metals from their ores and then refining them for use if known as metallurgy.

                    Non-metals have the properties just opposite to that of the metals. They are neither ductile nor malleable. They are bad conductors of heat and electricity except for graphite which conducts electricity.

Periodic classification of elements:

           Elements can be classified on the basis of the similarities in the properties. Elements can be arranged in an increasing order of atomic masses and according to their chemical properties. Thus, for reference a periodic table is formed mentioning every possible elements.

        Examples:

  1. Give an example of the metal which
  • Is a liquid at the room temperature
  • Is a best conductor of heat
  • Is a poor conductor of heat
  • Can be easily cut with knife

           Answer: 

  • Mercury
  • Silver
  • Lead
  • Sodium
  1. Why curd and sour substances must not be kept in the brass and copper vessels?

Answer: Brass and copper vessel contains copper which reacts with the acids found in the curd or other sour substances. Thus, this reaction forms soluble salts which are poisonous in nature making curd unfit for the consumption.

  1. Why sodium is kept immersed in kerosene oil?

Answer:  Sodium reacting with oxygen catches up fire when kept in open place. Thus, sodium is always immersed in kerosene oil to avoid such accidents.

  1. Why should a magnesium ribbon be cleaned before burning in air?

Answer: To remove the protective layer of basic magnesium carbonate from the surface of magnesium ribbon.

  1. Write the balanced equation for the following:
  • Hydrogen + Chlorine ->Hydrogen Chloride    

               Answer: H2+ Cl2->2HC

 

  • World of Living:

             This is a chapter which is covered in both first Term and second Term. In first term the topics which are covered are Life processes, control and co-ordination in plants and animals. In second term, the topics which are covered include Reproduction, Heredity and Evolution.

Life process:

             Life processes that take place in both plants and animals are covered under this topic. The topic life process includes nutrition, respiration, transportation, excretion in plants and animals. Life process in animals include Digestive system which explains the role of digestive enzymes in the digestion of food. Respiratory system is divided into two types as Aerobic respiration and anaerobic respiration. Aerobic respiration occurs in the presence of oxygen and by-products carbon dioxide, water and energy whereas Anaerobic respiration occurs in the absence of the oxygen and by products are ethanol and carbon dioxide.

             Excretory system in animals is the taken place by the functions of nephron which is responsible for purification of blood and urine formation. Just like the life processes in animals, life process in plants is covered under this chapter. Topics such as Transportation of water and minerals, mechanism of Photosynthesis, Respiration during day and night, Excretion in plants, nutrition in plants and so on.

Control and coordination in animals and plants:

           When humans step out in the bright sunlight, they partly close their eyes due to the excessive brightness of sunlight. In addition to this, they may start sweating as the temperature rises. These are called as the coordinated responses to stimuli. This not only occurs in humans but also in plants and animals.

Reproduction:

       This chapter covers the reproduction process in both plants and animals. It covers many concepts like budding, fragmentation, spore formation and sexual reproduction in humans and plants.

Heredity and Evolution:

              This chapter deals with the relationship between our physical appearance and resemblance to our family members. Evolution can be defined as change in the characteristics of living organisms over generations.

Examples:

  1. Name the excretory unit of the kidney?

Answer: Nephron

  1. Explain the process of Photosynthesis in plants:

Answer: Photosynthesis is a process in which plants use sun light, chlorophyll, carbon dioxide and water to synthesize food.

  1. Why does a plant cool the atmosphere? What is that term called as?

Answer: Transpiration

 

  • Effects of Current:

                     This chapter covers the basic topics under “Electricity” such as Ohm’s law, Resistance, Resistivity, Parallel combination of resistors and applications in daily life, electric power, heating effects of the current and its everyday applications, magnetic effects of electric current, etc. The region around the magnet where its influence or attraction is felt is called as the magnetic field of the magnet.

Examples:

  1. Define the unit of the current?

Answer: SI unit of the electric current is Ampere

  1. List any one property of the magnetic lines of force?

Answer: No two magnetic field lines intersect each other

 

  • Natural Phenomena:

         This covers the topics such as reflection of the light by the curved surfaces, mirror formula, concave mirror, convex mirror, reflection and refraction, focal length, principal focus, laws of refraction, etc. Reflection means change in the path of the wave when the bounce-off a barrier. Refraction of the waves means change in the direction of waves when they pass from one medium to another.

Examples:

  1. The radius of the curvature of the spherical mirror is 20 cm. What is its focal length?

Answer: 10 cm

  1. Name the mirror which can give you an erect and enlarged image of an object?

Answer: Concave mirror

 

  • Natural Resources:

                 In First Term it covers the topic such as Sources of energy and in the second Term it covers the topics such as regional environment, our environment and management of natural resources.

       Sources of energy:

                 This chapter is based on the concept that “Energy can neither be created nor be destroyed but can be converted to one form to another”.

      Management of natural resources:

                 This covers the topics such as how to conserve and manage the natural resources such as Forest, wildlife, water and mineral. It explains about three R’s such as Reduce, Recycle and Reuse.

      Our environment:

                 It is a study of living things, non-living things, ecosystem, loss of energy in the environment and large number of environmental problems. An ecosystem is a study of interaction between living and non living organisms. Environmental problems arise due to non-biodegradable waste generated by the humans such as plastics, detergent, dyes which get settled into the soil and water bodies and harm our environment.

       Examples:

  1. What is a good fuel?

Answer: A good fuel is that which releases more heat during burning but do not cause any environmental problems.

  1. What are the qualities necessary for a good source of energy?

Answer:

  • It should be easily available
  • It should be easy to store and transport
  • In should not cause any environmental problems
  • It should be economical
  • It should have high calorific value
  1. In what way does a biodegradable substance effect the environment?

Answer: It gives foul smell, thus causing air pollution

  1. Examples for biodegradable and non biodegradable substances?

Answer:

Biodegradable: Vegetable waste, cotton, paper

Non-biodegradable: Plastic, glass and polythene

Thus, above are the topics which are covered under the syllabus of CBSE Class 10 Science.

 

CBSE Class 10 Mathematics Syllabus

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CBSE Class 10 Mathematics:

                     Just like the CBSE Class 9 Mathematics, CBSE Class 10 Mathematics syllabus is also divided into two terms such as Term 1 and Term 2. Term 1 covers the following syllabus such as:

  • Number systems
  • Algebra
  • Geometry
  • Trigonometry
  • Statistics

Term 2 syllabus are:

  • Algebra (Continued)
  • Geometry (Continued)
  • Trigonometry (Continued)
  • Probability
  • Coordinate geometry
  • Mensuration

The syllabus are in detail below:

  • Number systems:

                 This includes topics such as proof of irrationality, decimal representation of rational numbers, Fundamental theorem of Arithmetic, Euclid’s division lemma, etc.,

Fundamental theorem of arithmetic:

                 Any integer which is greater than one is either a prime number or can be expressed as a product of prime numbers and this factorization is unique except for the order in which the prime factor occurs.

Euclid’s Division lemma:

           Euclid’s Division lemma can be used to find out the HCF (Highest Common Factor) for any two positive integers for showing the common properties of numbers.

Theorems on rational numbers:

           These are the theorems which satisfies the following properties of rational numbers such as:

  1. The sum of any two rational number is rational
  2. The double of rational number is rational
  3. Every integer is a rational number

Theorems to prove that the number is irrational:

                       These are the theorems which prove that the number is irrational.

      Examples:

  1. Find the mode of the following data:
  • 120,110, 130,110,120,140, 130,120,140,120

         Answer: The mode is 120

  1. Find the largest positive integer that will divide 398, 436, and 542 leaving reminders 7, 11, 15 respectively.

Answer: 17

  1. If p is a prime number, then prove that √p as irrational:

 

  • Algebra:

                 In Term 1 it covers the topics such as Polynomials and Pair of linear equations in two variables whereas in Term 2 it covers the topics such as quadratic equation and arithmetic progression.

Polynomials:

       A polynomial is a mathematical expression that consists of variables and constants combined using addition, multiplication, subtraction and division. The degree of a polynomial is an exponent of the highest degree term.

For example: Constant polynomial is a polynomial of degree 0

                         Liner polynomial is a polynomial of degree 1

                         Quadratic polynomial is a polynomial of degree 2

                         Cubic polynomial is a polynomial of degree 3

       Here the topics such as zeroes of polynomials, relationship between zeroes and coefficient of quadratic polynomials, cubic polynomials, linear polynomials, statement and simple problems on division algorithm, etc.,

Pair of liner equations with two variables:

             A linear equation is an equation of algebraic expression which may consist either constants or variables. Similarly, linear equation for two variables is a form of ax + by + c=0, where x and y are variables, a, b and c are real numbers. The graph of a linear equation of two variables plotted on a Cartesian plane is a straight line.

Quadratic Equations:

           Just like the linear equations are expressed in the form of algebraic expression, a quadratic equation also can be expressed in the form of algebraic expression such as ax2+bx+c=0, where a not equal to zero. This covers the topics such as Roots of quadratic equation, solution of quadratic equation by factorization, solution of quadratic equation by completing the square, formulation of quadratic equation, etc.

Arithmetic progression:

           A sequence of a1, a2, a3…an is said to be an arithmetic progression if there is a constant difference between each successive terms which can be expressed as

A2-a1 = d,

A3-a2= d,

Where d is a common difference.

Examples:

  1. If (y-a) is a factor of f(y) then ______ is a zero of f(y).

Answer: a

  1. Cubic polynomial x=f(y) puts the y-axis at almost

Answer: Three points

  1. Every linear equation in two variables has _______ solutions.

Answer: Infinitely many

  1. Graph of every linear equation in two variables represent a _____

Answer: Straight line

  1. Find two consecutive positive integers, sum of whose squares is 365.

Answer: 13,14

 

  • Geometry:

       This covers the regular topics such as Triangles, circles and construction of geometrical objects.

Triangles:

 A Triangle which is a basic shape of geometry is a polygon with 3 sides and 3 vertices/corners. It is necessary to prove certain conditions in order to prove that two triangles are similar. Conditions such as AAA (Angle-angle-angle), AA (Angle-Angle), SSS (Side-Side-Side) must be satisfied in order to prove two triangles are equal.

Circles:

           A circle is a geometrical object which has no edges or corners. Any circle has a centre point and a circumference. A circumference is a set of all points at a fixed distance from the centre of the circle. Radius of a circle is measured as a distance between the centre of the circle to the circumference of the circle. Diameter of a circle is measured as two times the radius of the circle. Other topics which are covered under this chapter are Tangent of a circle, arc, chord, secant, sector and segments.

Construction of geometrical objects:

                 This is an important branch of Geometry which makes used of specific tools and instruments, specific rules and objects for the construction of Geometrical objects. This chapter covers different ways to construct the 2D objects using compass, ruler and protractor, etc.

       Examples:

  1. The areas of two isosceles triangles are in the ratio 16:25. The ratio of their corresponding heights is_______

Answer: 4 : 5

  1. The inner circumference of a circular track is 440m. The track is 14 m wide. Find the diameter of the outer circle of the track.

Answer: -168

  1. If quadrilateral ABCD is drawn to circumscribe a circle then prove that AB + CD =AD + BC.

 

  • Trigonometry:

         This includes the topics such as Introduction to Trigonometry, Trigonometrical identities, heights and distances in Trigonometry, etc. Trigonometry is a branch of the mathematics which deals with the measurement of angles and sides of a triangle and the problems that comes with the angles. The ratios of the sides of the Triangle with respect to its acute angle are called as Trigonometric ratios. If the trigonometric ratios of an angle of an equation are true for all the values of angle, then it is called as Trigonometric identity.

Examples:

1.The value of cosec 70° – sec 20° is ______

           Answer: 0

  1. A ladder 50 m long just reaches the top of the vertical wall. If the ladder makes an angle of 60 ° with the wall, what is the height of the wall?

           Answer: 25 m

 

  • Statistics and probability:

Statistics:

     There are three measures for central values of a given data such as Mean, Median and Mode. Problems related to Mean, Median and Mode are covered under this syllabus.

Probability:

Probability is a chance of occurrence of a given event. In other words, how likely an event is about to take place. For example, when we toss a coin, the probability of getting either head or tail is 50 %.

Examples:

  1. Questions based on calculating mean, median and mode are covered under the chapter of Statistics.
  2. The probability of an event that is certain to happen is_____

Answer: 1

 

  • Coordinate Geometry:

                 This is a part of geometry which guides to plot a point in the Cartesian plane. A Cartesian plane is a plane with a rectangular coordinate system that associates each point with a pair of numbers which are called as x-coordinate and y-coordinate respectively. X-coordinate measures the distance of the point from the y-axis which is also called as abscissa whereas the y-coordinate measures the distance of the point from the x-axis which is also called as ordinate.

Examples:

  1. What is the distance between the points A(c,0) and B(0,-c)?

Answer: √2 c

  1. Find the point on y-axis which is equidistant from the points (5,-2) and (-3,2).

Answer: (0,-2)

  • Mensuration:

                 This covers the topics such as areas related to the circles, surface areas and volumes, etc.,

Area of circles:

       This covers various topics such as perimeter and area of the circle, area of the sector and segment of the circle, areas of combination of plane figures, etc.,

Surface areas and volumes:

                     Surface area is the total measurement of the surface area covered by all the flat and covered surfaces of 3D objects. Volume is a measure of amount of space occupied by the 3D objects.

Examples:

  1. If the minute hand of a big clock is 1.05 m long, find the rate at which its tip is moving in cm per minute.

Answer: 11cm/min

  1. Find the perimeter of the figure, where AED is a semi-circle and ABCD is a rectangle.

Answer: 76 cm

Thus, these are the syllabus covered in the CBSE Class 10 Mathematics.

 

 

CBSE Class 9 Science Syllabus

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CBSE Class 9 Science :

                         The subject of Science is very important for a growing child since it drives the thinking power among the children. It enhances the skills such as creativity, objectivity, aesthetic sensibility and enquiry. In the primary stage of the school, students observe, draw, record observation and experiment the science subjects, etc.,

In the secondary stage, students are expected to extract ideas from the principles of science subjects, answer quantitative reasoning questions to occupy more central place in the learning and teaching of science.

CBSE Class 9 and 10 syllabuses are divides into two terms such as Term1 and Term 2.

Term 1:

  1. Matter-Its nature and behavior
  2. Organization in living world
  3. Motion, force and work
  4. Food and Food production

Term 2:

  1. Matter-Its nature and behavior (Continued)
  2. Organization in the living world (Continued)
  3. Motion, force and work (Continued)
  4. Our environment

The above syllabus is in detail below:

 

  • Matter-Its nature and behavior:

     This chapter is covered in both first term and second term. Matter is commonly said to exist in four states such as solid, liquid, gas and plasma. In both Physics and Chemistry matter exhibits both wave like and particle like properties which is so called particle duality.

Term 1 covers the topics such as definition of matter, states of matter, characteristics, condensation and sublimation, Nature of matter.

Term 2 covers the topics such as Particle, nature and basic units, mole concepts and structure of atom.

Nature of matter:

               A molecule consists of two or more atoms belonging to the same elements or different elements which are clinically bound together. In this way let us define elements, compounds and mixtures as below;

Elements:

         An element is which cannot be broken down into simpler type of matter by either physical or chemical processes.

Compounds:

             A compound can be broken into simpler types of matter by chemical means and not by physical means.

Mixtures:

         It can be separated into its components by physical means.

Particles, nature and basic units:

                   An atom is the smallest particle which can exist independently and retain its chemical properties. A molecule is also a smallest particle of an element which can also exist independently and can exist even under ordinary conditions.

Structure of atom:

       An atom can be defined as smallest particle of a chemical substance that can exist. An atom consists of sub atomic particles such as neutrons, electrons, and protons. Protons and neutrons form the central core of the atom which is called as nucleus. The electrons revolve around the nucleus in fixed orbits at a great speed.

 

Examples:

  1. What are canal rays?

Answer: E.Goldstein discovered positively charged rays which are called as canal rays.

  1. If an atom contains one electron and one proton, will it carry any charge or not?

Answer: The atom will not contain any charge.

  1. Hydrogen and Oxygen combine in the ratio 1:8 by mass to form water. What mass of oxygen gas would be required to react completely with 3g of hydrogen gas?

Answer: 24 g

  1. Write any two characteristics of particles of matter?

Answer:

  • Particles of matter have a gap between them
  • Particles of matter are continuos in motion
  1. What is a substance?

Answer: A substance can be defined as a matter where constituent particles cannot be separated from each other by any other physical process.

 

  • Organization in living world:

             Just like the first chapter, this chapter is also covered in both term 1 and term 2. In term 1 the topics which are covered are Basic units of life, tissues, organs, organ system, organism, etc. In term 2 the topics which are covered are biological diversity, health and diseases.

Structure and function of cell:

                     All living organisms such as plants, humans and animals are made up of small structures called as cells. If the organism has single cell it is called as single cellular organism whereas if the organism has multiple cell it is called as multi-cellular organism.

Tissues:

               The group of cells performing similar type of functions is called as tissues. These tissues can be classified as plant and animal tissues. Plant tissue can be divided into two types Meristematic, permanent tissue. Animal tissue can be divided into Epethelial tissue, connective tissue, muscular tissue and nervous tissue.

Biological diversity:

                 The biological world can be vastly diversified and classified. Plants or animals can be classified according to their order, family, genus, species, binomial nomenclature.

Health and diseases:

             This chapter deals with various health related topic and diseases caused to the living organisms due to several factors. It covers diseases caused by the microbes, bacteria, virus and the prevention tips to safeguard from those harmful microbes.

Examples:

  1. What is a tissue?

Answer: A group of cells that are same in origin and can perform some specialized function is called as tissue.

  1. In what basis plants and animals are put into different categories?

Answer: On the basis of mode of nutrition

 

  • Motion, force and work:

               In term 1 it covers the topics such as Motion, Newton’s law, force and gravitation. In term 2 it covers floatation, work, energy and power, sound.

Laws of Motion:

       The study of relationships between motion, force and energy is called as mechanics.

Force: Force is a push or pull that can change the current state of motion of an object

Motion: It can be defined as an action or the process of moving or being moved.

Energy: Energy can be defined as the ability to do work or elicit change in matter.

There are three important Newton’s Laws of motion such as below:

First law of motion: This is called as law of inertia. This states that any object will stay in motion until acted upon by an outside force.

Second law of motion: The second law can be defined as Force equals to mass and inertia. F= ma

Third law of motion: For every action there is equal and opposite reaction.

Work, energy, power:

           Work results when a force acts upon the object to cause the displacement. Energy is the capability of doing work. Power is the ability to do something or act in a particular way.

Sound:

       This is a form of energy which comes from the vibrations. These vibrations create sound waves that can travel through the air and water before reaching our ears.

Examples:

  1. Distinguish between speed and velocity?

Answer: Speed is the distance travelled by it per unit time.

Velocity is the displacement per unit time of the body during movement.

  1. From a riffle of mass 4 kg, a bullet of mass 50g is fired with an initial velocity of 35ms-1. Calculate the initial recoil velocity of the riffle.

Answer: v = -0.44m/s

  1. Why sound waves are called as mechanical waves?

Answer: Sound waves need a medium for the propagation. Thus, we can say that they are mechanical waves.

 

  • Food and food production:

         This chapter deals with the importance of food and food production, increase in crop production and animal food.

Improvement in the crop yield:

               The improvement of the crop yield can be made in number of ways by harvesting, weeding crop protection, preparation of qualified soil, harvesting and finally storage.

Food from the animals:

           The breeding, feeding and caring animals for food is called as animal husbandry which includes sericulture, apiculture, pisiculture, poultry farming and livestock farming, etc.,

Examples:

  1. Name few macronutrients?

Answer: Nitrogen, phosphorous, potassium, sulphur, magnesium.

  1. What are the factors responsible for the losses of grains during storage?

Answer: Abiotic fators which are unfavourable conditions of humidity and temperature

Biotic factors are factors such as insects, rodents, bacteria, fungi that feed affect the grains.

 

  • Our environment:

       This chapter is covered in the second term of the CBSE Class 10 Science subject. The topics which are covered under this are Physical resources, bio-geo chemical cycles in nature.

Physical resources:

             Air, water and soil are the physical resources which are very important factors for our environment.

This module explains about the classification, consumption of these resources and factors that deplete our environment.

Examples:

  1. What is the major source of fresh water in village, city and twon?

Answer: Rain water, water from lakes, ponds, pools, dams,etc.,

  1. List any one human activity that may cause air pollution?

Answer: Usage of harmful chemicals such as CFC’s and aerosols.

Thus, the above are the topics which are covered under the syllabus of CBSE Class 9 Science .

CBSE Class 9 Mathematics Syllabus

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CBSE Class 9 Mathematics:

           This is a little higher grade of class which consists of many advanced topics like coordinate geometry, herons formula, Trigonometry, Graphical representation of data, etc., in Mathematics. As per the terms of conditions of CCE (Continuos and Comprehensive Evaluation), the syllabus of CBSE Class 9 and Class 10 has been divided term wise. Each units in both terms will be assessed through Formative and summative assessment. Each term carries two formative assessment each carrying 10% of weightage. It has been declared that the summative assessment for term 1 carries 30% of weightage and summative assessment for the term 2 carries same 30% of weightage.

Let us check the chapters in CBSE Class 9 Mathematics below:

Term 1:

  • Numbers:
  • Geometry
  • Coordinate Geometry
  • Mensuration
  • Algebra

Term 2:

  • Algebra (Continued from Term 1)
  • Geometry (Continued from Term 1)
  • Mensuration (Continued from Term 1)
  • Statistics
  • Probability

Thus, let us see the chapters one by one:

 

  • Numbers:

     As this is the first chapter in all the classes, CBSE Class 9 also includes “Numbers” chapter as the first and foremost chapter. This covers the topics widely as natural numbers, real numbers, rational numbers, terminating / non-terminating recurring decimals, nth root of a real number, etc.

     A set of all rational and irrational numbers are called as real numbers. A number which cannot be represented in the form of p/q, where p and q are integers and q not equal to 0. The decimal expansion of a number is its representation in base 10 of decimal system.

Examples:

  1. The value of 21/3 * 24/3 = ___

Answer: ½

  1. √8 is equal to _______

Answer: 2√2

  1. Find 6 rational numbers between 6/5 and 7/5.

Answer: 61/50,62/50,63/50,64/50,65/50,66/50

 

  • Geometry:

       Just like other classes general topics on Geometry like lines and angles, triangles, circles, quadrilaterals, etc. Another special topic is covered under this chapter which is known as “Euclidean Geometry”. Euclidean Geometry is a mathematical system where geometrical results are proved based on the previously proved results and assumptions called axioms. There are different axioms and theorems based on the Euclidean Geometry.

       In first term, Geometry includes Euclid’s Geometry, Lines & Angles and Triangles whereas in the second term the chapters of Geometry are Quadrilaterals, Area, Circles and construction.

Examples:

  1. The edges of a plane surface:

Answer: Line

  1. Given four points in which no three of them are collinear, then there exists.

Answer: 6 Lines

  1. Which is the correct statement in the following?
  • The line segment has one and only end point
  • Three points are said to be collinear if they lie on the same line
  • Two lines are coincident if they have one point in common
  • The ray AB is same as the ray BA

             Answer: Two lines are said to be collinear if they lie on the same line

  1. Two angles of triangles are 65 degree and 45 degree respectively. Find the third angles.

Answer: 70 degree

  1. Using the Heron’s formula find the area of the triangle whose sides are 3cm, 4cm and 10 cm.

Answer: 24 sq cm

 

  • Coordinate Geometry:

     This is a chapter which deals how to plot a point in a plane when its coordinates are given. The Cartesian plane is a plane with a rectangular coordinate system that associates each point in the plane with a pair of numbers.

     The two numbers are called as x-coordinate which measures the distance of the point from y-axis and y coordinate which measures the distance of the point from the x-axis. This chapter is covered only during the term 1 of CBSE Class 9 Mathematics.

Examples:

  1. The point (0,-5) lies on

Answer: -Ve y-axis

  1. The distance of the point from the (3,0) from the x-axis

Answer: 3 Units

  1. Which of the following points belongs to x-axis?
  • (2,0)
  • (3,3)
  • (0,1)
  • (-2,0)

               Answer: (2,0) and (-2,0) belongs to x-axis

 

  • Mensuration:

   This includes topics such as Area of triangle using Heron’s formula, Area of quadrilateral and its application and so on. This chapter is covered during the term 1 and term 2 of CBSE Class 9 Mathematics.

Examples:

  1. Find the area of Equilateral triangle whose side is 12 cm

Answer: 36√3 sq cm

  1. The perimeter of a Rhombus ABCD is 80 cm. Find the area of the Rhombus if its diagonal BD measures 12 cm.

Answer: 228.8 sq cm

  1. Find the area of isosceles Triangle whose equal sides is 6cm, 6cm and 8 cm.

Answer: 17.8 sq cm

 

  • Algebra:

                 The topics which are covered in the first term of Algebra are Polynomials whereas in the second term it covers Linear equations in two variables. The topics which are covered are definition of polynomials, its coefficients, its counter examples, degree of polynomial, constant, linear, quadrilateral and cubic polynomials. The topics which are covered in the second term are linear equations with one variable, linear equations with two variables, graph of linear equations, etc.

       Examples:

  1. The degree of a constant function is ______

Answer: 0

  1. If x+y+x=0, then x3+y3+z3 is

Answer: 2xyz

  1. Evaluate 105 * 95

Answer: 9975

 

  • Statistics:

           This chapter includes introduction to the statistics, representation of collection of data in a tabular form, ungrouped and grouped charts, bar charts, frequency polygons, mean, median and mode of ungrouped data. This chapter is covered during the second term of CBSE Class Mathematics.

Examples:

  1. What is the upper class limit of the class 37-43?

Answer: 43

  1. What is the class size of the intervals 10-20?

Answer: 10

  1. Find the sum of the deviations from the variety of values 3,4,6,8,14 from their mean.

Answer: 0

  • Probability:

           The probability is a chance of occurrence of a given event which means that how likely that an event can take place. For better understanding, if we toss a coin, the probability of getting either head or tail is 50% chance. The topics which are covered under this chapter are definition of probability, examples of probability, real life examples of probability and so on. This chapter is covered under the second term of CBSE Class 9 Mathematics.

Examples:

  1. What is the probability of a number greater than 6 for a single row of a die?

Answer: 0

  1. A coin is tossed two times. What is the probability of getting two at most 2 heads?
  • ¼
  • ½
  • ¾
  • None of these

             Answer: None of these

  1. A card is drawn from a pack of cards. Find the probability that it is queen?

Answer: 1/13

       Thus, above topics sare the syllabus of CBSE Class 9 Mathematics.

CBSE Class 8 Mathematics Syllabus

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CBSE Class 8 Mathematics:

              Just like other CBSE classes, Class 8 has its unique way of structure of syllabus which helps student to understand the topics better. Since the syllabus are designed by the expert teachers, it is always easy for the students at the level of class 8 to understand their topics better.

Lets check out the syllabus of CBSE Class 8 Mathematics below:

 

  • Numbers:

       The chapter “Numbers” covers the syllabus just as that of the previous classes. It includes all basic and important features of “numbers” such as Exponent and powers, rational numbers, even and odd numbers, playing with numbers and factorization. Among this, the newest topics which are added for the CBSE Class 8 level are Square and square root, cube and cube root, playing with numbers, etc.,

Rational numbers:

                 Rational numbers are the numbers which can be expressed in the form of quotient or fraction of two integers. A number is generally said to be a rational number if the numbers in the fraction (for ex) p/q are integers and q is not equal to zero it is said to be a rational number. In other words, it is also expressed as a ratio between two numbers.

Exponents and powers:

                 Exponent can be defined as number of times a number multiplied by itself. Exponents can be expressed as XY where x is a number and y is the power or exponent.

For example, 24 = 2 * 2 * 2 * 2

Squares and square roots:

                 This can be explained as the number raised to the power of 2. In other words, when we multiply a number by itself it is said to be a square of a number. Similarly, a square root of a number x can be explained as the value which when multiplied by itself gives the number x.

For example, 2 is the square root of 4.

Cubes and cube roots:

                 Just like the square root of a number, we can also find out the cube root of a number by just raising the number to the power 3. In other words, the cube root of a number x when multiplied by itself 3 times we get the number x. The topics which are covered under this chapter are Finding the cube of a number, finding cube root of a perfect cubes, cube roots of perfect integers, cube roots of product of integers, cube roots of rational numbers, etc.,

Example for a cube root of 27 = 3 * 3 *3

Playing with numbers:

                This is a chapter which is a fun to solve. This includes topics like finding the patterns of a number, properties and divisibility of a number, a number is said to be divisible by another number when the remainder is zero and so on. Interesting topics which are covered under this chapter are playing Sudoku, magic squares, puzzles, interchanging digits of a number, cryptograms and so on.

        Examples:

  1. Find the multiplicative inverse of 25?

Answer: 1/25

  1. What will be the number of zeroes in the square of 5000?

Answer: 6

  1. Find the square of 39?

Answer: 1521

  1. Find the cube root of 175616.

Answer: 56

  1. What is the rational number that does not have a reciprocal?

Answer: 0

 

  • Algebra:

             A collection of symbols and numbers in an equation and solving them together is called as Algebra. Lot of introduction on Algebra is given in the previous classes and thus in the class 8, advanced concepts like division of algebraic expressions, solving linear equations, etc., are covered.

Identities in Algebra:

               One of the newest topics which has been added in the class 8 is “Identities” of algebra. There are three identities namely

  • Identity 1: Multiplication of monomials
  • Identity 2: Multiplication of a monomial and binomial
  • Identity 3: Multiplication of two binomials

         The other topics which are covered under this chapter are knowing the difference between an equation and identity, multiplication of monomials and polynomials, multiplication of binomials and monomials, etc.,

Factorization:

             Factorization is a process of splitting up an algebraic expression into one or more     factors. Topics which are covered under this are common factors and greatest common factor of monomials, factorization of binomial common factor, factorization of grouping the terms, etc.,

Division of algebraic expression:

                     This covers different topics like division of a monomial with same monomial number, division of polynomial with binomial number, division of polynomial with one variable and division of polynomial by using factorization.

Linear equations:

                         This topic covers introduction to the linear equation, solving linear equation with one variable, finding root of an equation, application and solution of a linear equation, cross multiplication method for solving equations, etc.,

 

Examples:

  1. Solve -36y3 % 9y2 = __

Answer: -4y

  1. In the expression which have the factors of the type (x+a)(x+b), remember the numerical term gives _______

Answer: ab

  1. Which of the following is the monomial?
  • 2x+7
  • 4x +y
  • 3a
  • 3x+5y+7

   Answer: 3a

 

  • Ratio and proportion:

Little advanced problems in ratio and proportion chapter are introduced in class 8. Problems on profit and loss, percentage, discount tax and overhead expenses are covered in this chapter. Other topics which are covered as calculating simple and compound interest, direct variation, inverse variation, time and work problems, etc.

Simple and compound interest:

                     Simple interest means interest calculated on certain amount of money borrowed in a specific period of time. The borrower of the money has to pay back the original principal amount plus the interest amount. It is usually for shorter periods. Compound interest is usually calculated for longer periods. Compound interest is an interest that is added to the principal amount after a specified time period and then the interest is calculated for that new principal amount.

Direct and inverse proportions:

               In a ratio of x:y, if y increases when x increases it is said to be direct proportion whereas y decreases when x increases it is said to be inverse proportion.

Time and work:

                 This is rather an important topic which mainly divided into two variations such as direct and indirect variations. Two variables are said to be “directly variable” if increase in one quantity leads to the corresponding increase in the other quantity. Two variables are said to be “indirectly variable” if increase in one quantity leads to the corresponding decrease in the other quantity.

Examples:

  1. Find the ratio of Rs.6 to 50 paise.

Answer: 12:1

  1. ________ means comparing two quantities.

Answer: Ratio

  1. Write the expression using the exponents: 25 * 25* 25

Answer: 253

  1. The cost of 5 metres of a satin cloth is Rs.210. Find the sot of 15 metres of same type of cloth.

Answer: Rs.630

  1. If 15 workers can build a wall in 48 hours, how many workers are required to do the same work in 30 hours.

Answer: 24

 

  • Geometry:

         As this has become important chapter in the previous classes of CBSE, class 8 covers more important topics under Geometry. This covers various topics like understanding the shapes, properties of different objects like polygon, parallelogram, quadrilateral, etc.,

Understanding polygons:

             A polygon is a closed figure formed by the line segments. There are different types of polygons such as Convex polygon, concave polygon and regular polygon.          

Understanding Quadrilaterals:

           Quadrilateral is a polygon with four sides and four vertices. Examples of polygons are squares, rhombus and trapezium.

Representing 3 dimensional objects in 2 D:

                 This covers various topics such as drawing 2 D objects in 3 Dimensional form, counting vertices, edges, faces and verifying Euler’s relations, etc.,

Examples:

  1. A two dimensional shape is a ______ shape.

Answer: Plane

  1. How many edges are there in a triangular pyramid?

Answer: 6

  1. State the name of the regular polygon of 4 sides.

Answer: Quadrilateral

  1. The diagonals of a _____ are perpendicular bisectors of each other.

Answer: Square

  1. State true of false for the following:
  • All squares are not parallelograms

             Answer: False

  • Mensuration:

           This is calculation of volume, area and perimeter of an object. Total boundary sizes covered by an object is said to be perimeter whereas total surface covered by an object is called as Area. Similarly, total amount of space occupied by the 3-D figure is called as volume. This chapter covers many topics like calculating volume of many 3D objects such as cubes, cuboids, prism, pyramid and others.

Examples:

  1. Find the side of a cube whose surface area is 2400 cm2.

Answer:20 cm

  1. What is the volume of a cuboid?

Answer: L *B * H

 

  • Introduction to graphs:

            Graphs concepts are introduced in this level of CBSE Class 8. Concepts such as axes, Cartesian plane, plotting points from different kinds of situation, reading off from the graphs, reading off linear graphs, reading distance vs time graphs, etc., are covered under this chapter.

Examples:

  1. On which axis does the points (5,0) lie?

Answer: X-axis

  1. In which quadrant does the point P(-8,1) lie?

Answer: IV

Thus, above topics are the syllabus of CBSE Class 8 Mathematics.

CBSE Class 7 Science Syllabus

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CBSE Class 7 Science:

     The syllabus of CBSE Class 7 Science can be divided into many topics such as

  • Food
  • Materials
  • The world of living
  • Moving things, people and ideas
  • Natural Phenomena

These topics in detail are below:

 

  • Food:

       This chapter concentrates on how plants and animals get their food, how do animals utilize their food, types of nutrition, nutrition in amoeba and human beings, etc.,

Nutrients in plants:

         Each and every organism like plants, microbes, animals and humans require nutrients like vitamin, proteins, fat, and carbohydrates in some form. These nutrients help the plants to grow and repair their own damaged parts. Unlike humans and animals, plants obtain their nutrition by various modes such as autotrophic mode or heterotrophic mode. Autotrophic mode is a mode which can synthesize their foods by the process of photosynthesis. Heterotrophic mode is a mode which cannot synthesize their own foods and depend upon other organism for their nutrition.

Nutrition in animals:

             This is widely divided as digestion in animals, digestion in ruminants and digestion in amoeba.

Digestion in animals:

           Animals cannot synthesize their own food and thus depend upon other organisms like plants or other smaller animals for food. Based on the food consumed, the animals can be classified as herbivores, carnivores, and omnivores. Thus animals exhibit heterotrophic mode of nutrition.

Digestion in ruminants:

       Ruminants are nothing but herbivores or grass eating animals. Plants cells contains rich source of cellulose which is an important component in the diet of these herbivores animals. Humans cannot digest this cellulose. The special things about ruminants are, they swallow the food without chewing and then bring it back from the stomach and chew it leisurely.

Digestion in amoeba:

             Amoeba is a microscopic unicellular organism. They are found under the bottom of the fresh waters, ponds, pools, gutters, and in muddy waters. Amoeba is an omnivores organism which feeds on microbes, plants and other smaller organism. Amoeba does not possess any mouth but has a sense of ability to find out which are food particles and which are not. An amoeba engulfs its prey along with a droplet of water in the food vacuole inside the cytoplasm.

Examples:

  1. Why do the organisms need food?

Answer: Organisms need food build their body, get energy, repair and maintain the functions of the body.

  1. State true or false:
  • Digestion of the starch starts in stomach? (T/F)

             Answer: False

 

  • Materials:

                   This chapter covers the topics such as where does our clothing come from, what types of animals are reared to make woolen cloths, What clothes keep us warm, what is heat, temperature, different kinds of materials, classification of substances into acidic, basic and neutral indicators, etc.

Animal fiber-wool and silk:

               Silk is a cloth material which keeps us warm during the winter season. Silk is a product which is extracted from the animal or insect called silkworm. Just like silk, wool is also a cloth material which is extracted from the sheeps and goats. It was the first fibre to run into yarn, and it provides more warmth than any other animal fibres.

Temperature and heat:

         Temperature is a measure of degree of hotness of the body. The SI unit of temperature is Kelvin (K). The instrument that is used to measure the temperature is Thermometer. When an object is at a different temperature than its surroundings, slowly heat transfer takes place turning the object’s temperature same as that of the surroundings. There are three modes of heat transfer such as convection, conduction and radiation.

Acids, bases and Indicators:

       Substances can be classified as acids, bases and neutrals. The chemical nature of any substance which is sour is called as acidic substance. For example: curd

Bases are the substances which taste bitter. They are slippery to touch. For example, soap and lime water. Neutral substance is a substance which does not show acidic or base properties and said to be neutral in nature. Indicators are the substances which are used to test whether the substance is acidic or basic in nature.

Examples:

  1. Ammonium is found in many household products such as window cleaners, etc. It has a nature of turning red litmus to blue. What is the nature of substance called?

             Answer: Basic

  1. Is the distilled water acidic/basic or neutral?

Answer: Neutral

 

  • The world of living:

               This chapter covers the topics such as climate, soil types, adaption of animals to different climate, respiration in plants and animals, herbs, trees and transport of water in trees, excretory system in animals, reproduction system in plants and animals, etc.

Weather and climate:

           The day-to-day conditions of a surrounding atmosphere with the respect to the elements like temperature, heat, moisture, rainfall and wind speed is called as a weather of that place.

          The average weather pattern taken over a long period is called as a climate of that place. There are different types of climates according different places. They are

  • Dry climate
  • Moist tropical climate
  • Humid middle latitude climate
  • Continental climate
  • Cold climate

Winds, Thunderstorms, Cyclones:

         The natural movement of air, generally in a more furious way blowing in a particular direction is called as wind. Thunderstorm is a storm with a thunder and lightning accompanied with heavy rain. They occur due to the convection of air in the hot and humid tropical areas. Cyclone is a natural calamity which is caused due to difference in the air pressure in the atmosphere. It may develop over the sea and may cause severe damages to the land area with a violently rotating wind.

Soil types and its properties:

         Soil is an upper layer of the earth’s crust which is usually composed of a mixture of organic remains, clay and rock particles. There are few important properties of soil such as Absorption of water, moisture in the soil, percolation rate of water in the soil.

Respiration in organisms:

         Respiration is a process of inhaling oxygen and exhaling waste products such as carbon dioxide. It takes place in two types as external respiration and internal respiration. External respiration is also called as breathing which involves inhalation and exhalation. Inhalation is the process of taking in air rich in oxygen whereas exhalation is breathing out air rich in carbon dioxide.

Reproduction in plants:

         Reproduction is a process of developing their offspring or producing their young ones. Reproduction in plants takes place asexually and sexually. Sexual mode of reproduction takes place between two organisms of opposite sex. Reproductive organs in the plants produce gametes-Ovules (Eggs) and pollen grains. Asexual mode of reproduction is a type of reproduction in which single parent is involved to produce the new off spring. In other words, it can be said as growth of new plant from the existing plant other than the seed.

     Examples:

  1. Name the elements that determine the weather of a place?

Answer: Temperature, rainfall and humidity

  1. The water holding capacity is highest in _____type of soil?

Answer: Clayey soil

 

  • Moving things, people and ideas:

       This covers the topics such as time and measurement of time using periodic events and motion of objects.

Time and speed:

       Speed and time can be calculated by a formula such as Speed = Distance / time whereas Time= Distance/ Speed. The SI unit of speed is metre (m) and SI unit of Time is Second. The instruments that are used to measure time is mechanical clocks and simple pendulum.

Graphs:

               A graph is a pictorial representation of given sets of datas. Graph makes clear understanding of the datas given instead of any other form. There are different types of graphs such as bar charts, pie charts, line graphs, etc.,

Examples:

  1. Every object moves with a constant speed? Correct or incorrect?

Answer: Incorrect

  1. A simple pendulum takes 32 s to complete 20 oscillations. What is the time period of the pendulum?

Answer: Time period: 1.6 seconds

 

  • How things work?

     This covers the various topics such as Electric current and its effects, working of an electric bell, a current carrying coil behaves like a magnet, etc.

Electric components:

           There are different electrical components available such as cell, switch, wire, bulb, battery, etc., Different symbols are used to represent different components in an electrical circuit. For example, wire allows to current flow from one part of the circuit to another, similarly switch has an operation called ON or OFF. When switch is off current is not transferred into the electrical circuit. Thus, each electrical component has its own functions to perform.

 

Heating effects of the electric current:

             Naturally when an electric current flows through the wire, the wire gets heated up. This is called as heating effects of the electric current. There are factors such as length and thickness of the wire, material of the wire which may affect heating up of the wire.

 

Magnetic effect of the electric current:

                   When an electric current flows through the wire, the wire behave like a magnet. This is called as magnetic effect of the current. Always a magnetic field is created around the current carrying wire in a given circuit.

 

Examples:

  1. Name any two effects of electric current?

Answer: Magnetic effect

               Heating effect

  1. Do you think that an electromagnet can be used for separating plastic bags from a garbage heap?

Answer: No, electromagnets attract only the magnetic material like iron. So it cannot be used for separating plastic from garbage.

 

  • Natural resources:

           This covers the topics such as scarcity of water, water a precious resource, ways to safeguard water resources, etc.,

 

Water- a precious resource:

                         It is said that nearly 71% of earth is surrounded by water resources such as oceans, sea, lakes, ponds, moisture, humidity, etc., among which most of them are not suitable for the human consumption. Water which is suitable for the human consumption is called as fresh water.

 

By nature, water can exist in three forms such as Solids, liquids and gaseous states.

 

Humans must follow better conservation techniques of water like rain water harvesting system, drip irrigation, bawris, etc.,

 

Importance of forest:

         Forest is a precious resource given by the nature which is area for all types of species forming an ecosystem. Forest areas are the main resources which help in preservation of water on earth. Plants and trees in forest absorb water from the soil through their roots. Thus, it is more necessary to understand the importance of forest and its resources.

 

Examples:

  1. State true or false?
  • The fresh water stored in the ground is much more than that present in the rivers and lakes of the world.

              Answer: True

  1. Herbs from the ______ layer in the forest.

Answer: Ground layer

Thus, these are topics which are covered in the CBSE Class 7 Science.

 

 

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