KALIYAKA (Root and Stem)
Kaliyaka consists of the dried root & stem of Coscinium fenestratum (Gmrtn.) Colebr. (Fam. Menispermacem), a large woody climber with stout stem and branches, occurring in the Western Ghats.
SYNONYMS
Sanskrit : Kalambaka, Kaliya, Kaliyakhya, Kaleyaka
Assamese : —
Bengali : —
English : False Calumba
Gujrati : —
Hindi : Jhaar-ki-hald
Kannada : Mardaa arashinaa
Kashmiri : —
Malayalam : Maramanjal
Marathi : Venivel
Oriya : —
Punjabi : —
Tamil : Atturam, Kadari, Manjalkoid
Telugu : Manu pasupu
Urdu : —
DESCRIPTION
a) Macroscopic
Root – 5 to 30 cm or more in length, 2 to 5 cm. in diameter, somewhat longitudinally grooved, transversely cut surface smooth, yellow; texture rough and fibrous; acrid in taste; no particular odour.
Stem – 15 to 30 cm. or more in length, 2 to 8 cm. in diameter, straight or occasionally slightly twisted, pale grey or greyish yellow with a fairly smooth surface, marked with longitudinal striations spaced about a mm apart, cut surface yellowish-green to yellow in colour showing wedge shaped areas, fissured with shallow vertical slits of varying length; texture, hard; acrid in taste.
b) Microscopic
Root – Transverse section circular in outline; cork cream coloured, 20 to 30 or more rows of uniform rectangular cells with 1 to 2 stone cells; outer cortical tissue characterized by the presence of very prominent yellowish band almost in the form of ring of thick walled, pitted stone cells; prismatic crystals of calcium oxalate found in the thick walled cells; sieve tubes with simple perforation plate; evident in L.S.; narrow radiating wedge shaped xylem strips; alternating with wedge shaped, broad, multiseriate medullary rays with thick walled cells filled with rod shaped crystals of calcium oxalate and starch grains which are circular, appearing lenticular on edge view, simple, 30-45 nm in diameter; hilum indistinct or dot-like, centrally placed if present, lamellm indistinct; vessels filled with tyloses and in mature root these tyloses become thick walled giving the appearance of stone cells; fibres long, lignified.
Stem – The transverse section circular in outline, shallowly crenate; cork 20 to 40 cells thick; cortex 5 to 8 layers of tangentially elongated parenchymatous cells having very conspicuous yellowish crenate bands of hard tissue or stone cells with radiating canals and filled with dark yellow contents, almost capping the wedge shaped medullary rays and phloem; sclerotic elements cubical to oval with very thick pitted walls filled with prismatic crystals of calcium oxalate; phloem distinct; xylem narrow, radiating, wedge shaped as in root, vessels 70 to 160 nm in diameter, solitary, pitting reticulate with small lenticular orifices, occluded with thick walled tyloses; fibres septate to nonseptate, septate fibres having 2 to5 septa, 270 to 400 nm long and 12 nm in diameter; medullary rays extend from pith to periphery, broad, multiseriate, 15 to many cells high and 2 to many cells wide; pith consist of two regions: (i) 4 to 6 layers of smaller collenchymatous cells in the periphery; (ii) parenchymatous cells circular to polyhedral in shape with intercellular spaces, cells larger towards the centre.
Powder – Powder of both root and stem yellow with greenish tinge, bitter and odourless. Microscopical examination shows the presence of fibres, tyloses, stone cells containing prismatic crystals of calcium oxalate, starch grains circular appearing lenticular shaped on edge view, simple, 30-45 nm in diameter hilum indistinct or dot like centrally placed if present, lamellm indistinct, fragments of vessels, tracheids and parenchymatous cells; when treated on microscopic slide with 1N NaOH aqueous solution and mounted in nitrocellulose in amylacetate emits very characteristic canary yellow colour under UV-365 nm.
IDENTITY, PURITY AND STRENGTH
Foreign matter Not more than 1 per cent, Appendix 2.2.2.
Total Ash Not more than 2 per cent, Appendix 2.2.3.
Acid-insoluble ash Not more than 0.4 per cent, Appendix 2.2.4.
Alcohol-soluble extractive Not less than 11 per cent, Appendix 2.2.6.
Water-soluble extractive Not less than 10 per cent, Appendix 2.2.7.
Total alkaloid as berberine chloride Not less than 2 per cent, Appendix 2.2.18
Stem –
Foreign matter : Not more than 1 percent, Appendix 2.2.2.
Moisture content : Not more than 6 percent, Appendix 2.2.9.
Total ash : Not more than 3 percent, Appendix 2.2.3.
Acid insoluble ash : Not more than 2 percent, Appendix 2.2.4.
Alcohol soluble extractive : Not less than 3 percent, Appendix 2.2.6.
Water soluble extractive : Not less than 8 percent, Appendix 2.2.7.
Total alkaloid as berberine chloride : Not less then 1 percent, Appendix 2.2.18.
T.L.C.
T.L.C. of the methanolic extract on precoated silica gel ‘G’ plate (0.2 mm thick) using isopropanol : formic acid : water (45 : 0.1 : 0.4) shows under UV (366 nm) fluorescent spots at Rf. 0.10, 0.17, 0.24, 0.34, 0.39, 0.5, 0.56, 0.78 at similar Rf. On spraying with modified Dragendroff’s reagent orange spots appear at Rf. 0.10, 0.24, 0.34, 0.83 and 0.89.
CONSTITUENTS – Alkaloids-berberine, palmitine, jatrorrhizine, proto-berberne, N, N-dilindacarpine, thalifendine and columbamine.
PROPERTIES AND ACTION
Rasa : Stem : Tikta, Kasaya
Guna : Laghu, Ruksa, Stem : Laghu, Stem : Ruksa
Virya : Sita, Stem : Sita
Vipaka : Katu, Stem : Katu
Karma : Dipana, Pacana, Pittahara, Slesmasamasmana, Kaphamedohara, Anulomaka, Raktasodhaka, Stem : Slesmasamasmana, Stem : Pittahara, Stem : Kaphamedohara, Stem : Dipana, Stem : Pacana
IMPORTANT FORMULATIONS – (No Formulations)
THERAPEUTIC USES – Root :, Agnimandya, Ajirna, Krmi., Karnasula, Prameha, Raktapitta, Vrana, Tikta-Usna, Jirna Jvara, Adhmana, Kamala, Stem :, Agnimandya, Asmari, Ajirna, Daha, Jvara, Krmi, Kustha, Panduroga, Prameha, Upadamsa, Vrana, Adhamana Yakrt Vikana, Yuvanapidaka, Vyanga
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